- •Рефератний переклад
- •Анотаційний переклад
- •Text 1 civil engineering
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1. Find in the text English equivalents of the following word – combinations:
- •2. Combine the word “domestic” with the proper English word to form the equivalents of the following Ukrainian word – combinations:
- •3. Translate into English using words and expressions from the text:
- •Text 2 urbanization and ecology
- •1. Read the text and answer the following questions:
- •2. Discuss the problem described in the text.
- •Exercises
- •2. Read the text. State which of these sentences express the main idea of the text.
- •3. According to the text complete the sentences using one of the given variations (a, b, c, d).
- •Text 4 residential and industrial buildings
- •Exercises
- •2. State which of the sentences describe residential buildings and which of them describe industrial buildings.
- •3. According to the text complete the sentences using one of the given variations (a, b, c, d).
- •4. Choose the correct form of the predicate for each sentence.
- •Exercises
- •2. Put the following sentences into groups according to three topics (a, b, c).
- •3. State which of the given sentences denote the description of the cement and which of them denote concrete.
- •4. Choose the correct answers.
- •Text 7 the problem of durability in building
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the following questions:
- •Text 8 footings and foundations
- •Exercises
- •Text 9 walls
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 10 wall units
- •Exercises
- •Text 11 partitions
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Find the Ukrainian equivalents of the following word – combinations, given below:
- •3) Answer the questions:
- •4) Translate into English:
- •Text 12 some problems of the design of structures
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •Text 13 the ultimate-load method of design
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 14 the design of residential areas
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •Text 15 basic concepts in the analysis of structures
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations and phrases;
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 16
- •Integrated Building System
- •Vocabulary notes :
- •Exercises:
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •Text 18 Concrete for Reinforced Concrete Structures
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •Exercises
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •Text 19 Reinforced Concrete Members.
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Try to reproduce all the words and expressions from the text connected with the civil engineering. Text 20 Classification of Loads. Basic and Design Loads
- •In turn, basic load combinations are subdivided into two groups.
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Text 21 approaches to testing the deformability of cement repair materials.
- •Vocabulary notes :
- •Exercises:
- •Find English equivalents to the following word – combinations and phrases:
- •Find the words that are suitable to the definitions:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Translate into English:
- •Vocabulary notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find the English equivalents to the following word-combinations and phrases:
- •Pick up the word-combinations, suitable to the following definitions:
- •Answer the questions:
Vocabulary notes :
the procedure – процедура
dangerous environment – небезпечна середовища
a focus – мета
to be dependent on – залежати від...
cable – кабель
to injury – постраждати
cost savings – збереження
to be based en – базуватися на...
to possess – володіти
Exercises:
Find the English equivalents to the following word – combinations :
на протязі останніх декілька років.
польові роботи
виконувати складні завдання
цикли, що повторюються
дослідницький проект
технології конструкцій
рух
Complete the sentences with year own words :
The procedure for erecting building structures…
The Integrated Building System was developed…
The technology for automated construction heavily depends on…
A model building frame was developed…
… the range of projected cost savings…
Answer the questions :
What does field work require?
Why was the Integrated Building System developed?
How is a family of structural systems called?
What is the technology for automated construction depended on?
What is the use of platform cranes controlled by?
Why was a model building frame developed?
4) Translate into English :
Процедура для спорудження будівель змінилась протягом останніх декількох років.
2) Для польових робіт потрібні робітники, щоб виконувати складні завдання в дуже небезпечних середовищах.
3) Інтегрована будівельна система була розроблена з метою координувати дослідницькі проекти в автоматичних конструкціях та системах зв’язку.
4) Технологія для автоматичної конструкції сильно залежить від використання кранів з платформою, які контролюються системою з 6-ти кабелів.
5)Схема моделі будування була розроблена для вивчення порівняття інтегрованої будівельної системи та звичайної конструкції.
Text 17
ARCHITECTURE OF A HOUSE
1. Styling of a House.- When a house is to be built there are a number of things which should be given careful thought before the work is started and even before the plans for the building are drawn.
Among these may be mentioned the selection of the lot on which the dwelling is to be built, the position of the house and garage on the lot with reference to the streets and the position of the different rooms with reference to the four points of the compass-North, South, East and West. At the same time when these things are being considered, another point must be kept in mind, that is the "style" in which the building is to be planned or, in other words, its exterior appearance. This decision should be made before plans for the house are started. The important question is also how much money can be spent on the building.
2. Designing Elevations. - An elevation is a drawing showing one side of a building. Since most houses are rectangular in plan, there will usually be four elevations. All the door or window openings and other features of construction which occur on the outside surfaces of the exterior walls can be shown on the elevations in their true dimension (to scale) as regards width and height. The elevations are practical working drawings, the purpose of which is to give to the workmen the information necessary in order that they may first set a price on the work to be done and then carry it out properly after the contract has been awarded.
The floor plans are also prepared for this purpose. The elevations must agree with the plans in giving the general dimensions of the house and the location and width of the door and window openings on each floor and other features such as balconies, porches, terraces, bay-windows, etc. Taken together the plans and elevations give the length, width, and height of every part of the house in such a way that when the various parts are built to these dimensions, they will form the completed building just as the designer saw it in his mind when he was making the drawings.
The choice of style of elevation depends upon several factors. Some are guided primarily by cost, others by desire for a certain style. Most people are concerned with the arrangement of rooms-the floor plan-and will let the exterior of the house be modified as necessary to conform to the floor plan selected. Elevations for houses in the Modernistic Style are entirely different from those for traditional houses. They usually have extremely large window areas, extending to and around the corners of the building. This with the flat roof makes almost box-like appearance, which seems strange to one accustomed to the traditional style.
Material for Elevation. - The choice of material is governed by the style and by the cost. Many styles can be worked out in any several materials or in combinations of two or three. Brick and siding, shingles and siding, brick and stucco, wood, plaster, stone and concrete-all can be handled in interesting fashion. The materials used for roofs are shingles, slate or tile. Tile and shingles are in most cases the most expensive roof materials, slate is less costly. For wall construction, brick is cheaper
than siding, and brick cheaper than stone, in most localities.
The elevations show the heights of all openings in the outside walls and the height of the window and door sills above the finished levels of the different floors. Exterior doors are apt to be 2 feet 8 inches or 2 feet 10 inches wide and 6 feet 8 inches or 6 feet 10 inches high. The larger sizes are to be applicable to the front entrance door and the smaller sizes to the rear entrance door. There is a danger in making exterior doorway too narrow, because furniture and other things must be carried through them. The front entrance door should be of a good design in keeping with the style of the house. Window openings can be of various sizes to suit the ideas of the designer. There are two kinds of windows used in houses. There are the double-hung and casement windows. The first consists of two counterweighted sashes sliding up and down; the second has one or two sashes hinged at the side and swinging horizontally in or out. There is also a bay window which is seldom seen today. Wooden shutters or blinds are often used on some of the windows of a house. Sometimes they are solid and sometimes slatted. An up-to-date house must contain one or more bedrooms for sleeping, a kitchen for preparing the meals, a dining room, a utility room for laundry and storage, and a living room for reading, writing, entertaining visitors and so forth. In addition to these rooms every present-day house contains a bathroom and may include a recreation room in the basement, and study.