- •Рефератний переклад
- •Анотаційний переклад
- •Text 1 civil engineering
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1. Find in the text English equivalents of the following word – combinations:
- •2. Combine the word “domestic” with the proper English word to form the equivalents of the following Ukrainian word – combinations:
- •3. Translate into English using words and expressions from the text:
- •Text 2 urbanization and ecology
- •1. Read the text and answer the following questions:
- •2. Discuss the problem described in the text.
- •Exercises
- •2. Read the text. State which of these sentences express the main idea of the text.
- •3. According to the text complete the sentences using one of the given variations (a, b, c, d).
- •Text 4 residential and industrial buildings
- •Exercises
- •2. State which of the sentences describe residential buildings and which of them describe industrial buildings.
- •3. According to the text complete the sentences using one of the given variations (a, b, c, d).
- •4. Choose the correct form of the predicate for each sentence.
- •Exercises
- •2. Put the following sentences into groups according to three topics (a, b, c).
- •3. State which of the given sentences denote the description of the cement and which of them denote concrete.
- •4. Choose the correct answers.
- •Text 7 the problem of durability in building
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the following questions:
- •Text 8 footings and foundations
- •Exercises
- •Text 9 walls
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 10 wall units
- •Exercises
- •Text 11 partitions
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Find the Ukrainian equivalents of the following word – combinations, given below:
- •3) Answer the questions:
- •4) Translate into English:
- •Text 12 some problems of the design of structures
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •Text 13 the ultimate-load method of design
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 14 the design of residential areas
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •Text 15 basic concepts in the analysis of structures
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations and phrases;
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 16
- •Integrated Building System
- •Vocabulary notes :
- •Exercises:
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •Text 18 Concrete for Reinforced Concrete Structures
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •Exercises
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •Text 19 Reinforced Concrete Members.
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Try to reproduce all the words and expressions from the text connected with the civil engineering. Text 20 Classification of Loads. Basic and Design Loads
- •In turn, basic load combinations are subdivided into two groups.
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Text 21 approaches to testing the deformability of cement repair materials.
- •Vocabulary notes :
- •Exercises:
- •Find English equivalents to the following word – combinations and phrases:
- •Find the words that are suitable to the definitions:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Translate into English:
- •Vocabulary notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find the English equivalents to the following word-combinations and phrases:
- •Pick up the word-combinations, suitable to the following definitions:
- •Answer the questions:
Vocabulary notes
rigidity – жорсткість
to make assumptions – робити припущення
to introduce errors – виявити помилки
to keep something in mind – брати щось до уваги
wrought iron – зварювальне залізо
reinforced concrete - залізобетон
deflections – відхилення
to be accompanied - супроводжуватись
to vanish - зникнути
distortion – викривлення
Exercises
1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations and phrases;
Виконувати окремі функції; досягнути; знання основних правил; основні теореми; напруга; поведінка матеріалів; довжина брусу; еластичний; закон Гука.
2) Answer the questions:
1) Why is the structure built?
2) What is necessary to perform certain functions?
3) What is important in structural design?
4) What’s the stress analysis?
5) What can serve as a safe basis for departure from methods?
6) What do the materials follow in building?
7) How does Hooke’s law sound?
8) What materials are elastic?
9) What are distortions?
10) What are distortions accompanied by?
3) Translate into English:
1)Структура будується для виконання деяких функцій.
2) Економія та гарний зовнішній вигляд є подальшими важливими об’єктами в структурному дизайні.
3) Визнання цього факту з розглядом економії часу та витрат на дизайн часто ведуть до того, що дизайнер робить припущення, що є вірними та намагається виявити помилки.
4) Багато матеріалів, що використовуються в будівництві слідують закону Гука.
5) Такі матеріали як сталь, зварювальна сталь, дерево та залізобетон є еластичними.
6) Викривлення можуть або не можуть супроводжуватись стресом в елементах структури.
Text 16
Integrated Building System
The procedure for erecting building structures has changed during the past few years. Field work requires workers to perform complicated tasks in a highly dangerous environment. There is a need to develop new technology to protect workers from the dangerous job environment and emphasize cost-efficiency, especially in the construction of multistory structures with repeated cycles.
The Integrated Building Systems program was developed to coordinate research projects in automated construction and connection systems. The objective of this technology is to design, fabricate, erect, and evaluate cost-effective building systems with a focus on providing a computer integrated approach to these activities.
A family of structural systems, beam-to-column connections, in both concrete and steel, will possess the capability of being erected by automated construction techniques. The technology for automated construction is heavily dependent on the use of platform cranes which are controlled by a system of six cables to allow precise movement in six directions.
The emphasis of these new designs is on cost-efficient fabrication as well as geometric configurations which provide an automatic self-guided erection feature to greatly facilitate initial placement. This feature will minimize human assistance during construction and will result in quicker, less expensive erection procedures in which workers are less susceptible to injury or fatalities.
A model building frame was developed as a case study to compare the Integrated Building system to conventional construction. Based on the results, the range of projected cost savings was between 9% and 12%. A consortium of government, industry, and university partners is envisioned as the most effective mechanism to move these technologies from the laboratory to the field.