- •Рефератний переклад
- •Анотаційний переклад
- •Text 1 civil engineering
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1. Find in the text English equivalents of the following word – combinations:
- •2. Combine the word “domestic” with the proper English word to form the equivalents of the following Ukrainian word – combinations:
- •3. Translate into English using words and expressions from the text:
- •Text 2 urbanization and ecology
- •1. Read the text and answer the following questions:
- •2. Discuss the problem described in the text.
- •Exercises
- •2. Read the text. State which of these sentences express the main idea of the text.
- •3. According to the text complete the sentences using one of the given variations (a, b, c, d).
- •Text 4 residential and industrial buildings
- •Exercises
- •2. State which of the sentences describe residential buildings and which of them describe industrial buildings.
- •3. According to the text complete the sentences using one of the given variations (a, b, c, d).
- •4. Choose the correct form of the predicate for each sentence.
- •Exercises
- •2. Put the following sentences into groups according to three topics (a, b, c).
- •3. State which of the given sentences denote the description of the cement and which of them denote concrete.
- •4. Choose the correct answers.
- •Text 7 the problem of durability in building
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the following questions:
- •Text 8 footings and foundations
- •Exercises
- •Text 9 walls
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 10 wall units
- •Exercises
- •Text 11 partitions
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Find the Ukrainian equivalents of the following word – combinations, given below:
- •3) Answer the questions:
- •4) Translate into English:
- •Text 12 some problems of the design of structures
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •Text 13 the ultimate-load method of design
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 14 the design of residential areas
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •Text 15 basic concepts in the analysis of structures
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations and phrases;
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 16
- •Integrated Building System
- •Vocabulary notes :
- •Exercises:
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •Text 18 Concrete for Reinforced Concrete Structures
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •Exercises
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •Text 19 Reinforced Concrete Members.
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Try to reproduce all the words and expressions from the text connected with the civil engineering. Text 20 Classification of Loads. Basic and Design Loads
- •In turn, basic load combinations are subdivided into two groups.
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Text 21 approaches to testing the deformability of cement repair materials.
- •Vocabulary notes :
- •Exercises:
- •Find English equivalents to the following word – combinations and phrases:
- •Find the words that are suitable to the definitions:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Translate into English:
- •Vocabulary notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find the English equivalents to the following word-combinations and phrases:
- •Pick up the word-combinations, suitable to the following definitions:
- •Answer the questions:
Vocabulary notes
arrangement – розташування
outset – початок
essential condition - необхідна умова
fulfillment – виконання
to meet the needs – задовольнити потреби
authority – повноваження, авторитет
particular size – особливий розмір
satisfactory - задовільно
to realize - уявляти
Exercises
1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
У зв’язку з; різні частини; на початку дизайну; судячи з результату; проста та явна ідея; існуючі житлові території; залежати від; широке різноманіття;
2)Answer the questions:
1) What does the appearance of the area develop from?
2) What does the term “residential area” mean?
3) What two essential conditions does the simple and obvious idea require?
4) What’s a neighborhood?
5) What have many authorities recommended?
6) What does much depend on?
3) Complete the sentences in your own words:
1) The appearance of the area develops …..
2) These latter problems which are at the root of design ….
3) The term “residential area” is commonly taken ……
4) It may be said at the outset that the area …….
5) …………. are necessary to meet the needs of the Inhabitants.
6) There may be very wide variations …………
4)Translate into English:
1) Термін «дизайн» у зв’язку з територіями розташування різних частин (домів, доріг та ін.) можуть бути побудовані економічно та приносити задоволення.
2) Вид території розвивається з її призначення та засобу будування ї не є тем, що прийнято після вирішення наукових, конструкційних ті економічних проблем.
3) Можна сказати з початку, що територія повинна бути ідентичною та дати резидентам можливість відчути, що вона належить їм.
4) Зараз встановлено, що територія житлових приміщень, хоча і добре спроектованої недостатньо для задоволення потреб мешканців.
5) Багато залежить від структури всього міста та топографії, що можуть бути різних розмірів та форми.
Text 15 basic concepts in the analysis of structures
A structure is built to perform a certain function. To perform this function satisfactory, it must have sufficient strength and rigidity. Economy and good appearance are further objectives of major importance in structural design.
Stress analysis serves as an important guide in so proportioning the members of a structure that the required strength, rigidity and economy will be attained. However rigorous a stress analysis may be, the stresses which will actually occur cannot be predicted with absolute certainty. As actually build, a structure and its loading will always differ somewhat, and may differ appreciably, from the hypothetical structure which serves as a basis for stress analysis. Recognition of this fact, together with considerations of economy in time and design expense, often leads the designer to make assumption known to be correct, and approximations known to introduce errors. Only knowledge of the basic principles of stress analysis can serve as a safe basis for departure from methods more rigorously correct. The assumptions underlying the basic theory and the limitations imposed in the development of basic theorems must be fully understood and constantly kept in mind. If approximate methods arc to be introduced, they must be carefully studied in order to ascertain that they may be safely and properly applied to a given problem.
Most of the materials used in building structures follow Hooke’s law: Within a certain range dependent upon the material considered, stress and strain are directly proportional to each other. If stresses do not exceed a certain value termed tins elastic limit for the material considered, the strains will vanish if the stress is removed. Materials behaving in this manner are called elastic. Steel, wrought iron, and wood elastic, while it is permissible to consider reinforced concrete as elastic, too, provided the stresses are not too great.
When structure which are composed of elastic members and which rest elastic supports are subjected to the action of forces or to imposed deformations such as the changing of the length of a bar, there are corresponding changing of shape. The movements of points on the structure during such a change are called deflections. Distortions may or may not be accompanied by stresses in the members of structure.