- •Рефератний переклад
- •Анотаційний переклад
- •Text 1 civil engineering
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1. Find in the text English equivalents of the following word – combinations:
- •2. Combine the word “domestic” with the proper English word to form the equivalents of the following Ukrainian word – combinations:
- •3. Translate into English using words and expressions from the text:
- •Text 2 urbanization and ecology
- •1. Read the text and answer the following questions:
- •2. Discuss the problem described in the text.
- •Exercises
- •2. Read the text. State which of these sentences express the main idea of the text.
- •3. According to the text complete the sentences using one of the given variations (a, b, c, d).
- •Text 4 residential and industrial buildings
- •Exercises
- •2. State which of the sentences describe residential buildings and which of them describe industrial buildings.
- •3. According to the text complete the sentences using one of the given variations (a, b, c, d).
- •4. Choose the correct form of the predicate for each sentence.
- •Exercises
- •2. Put the following sentences into groups according to three topics (a, b, c).
- •3. State which of the given sentences denote the description of the cement and which of them denote concrete.
- •4. Choose the correct answers.
- •Text 7 the problem of durability in building
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the following questions:
- •Text 8 footings and foundations
- •Exercises
- •Text 9 walls
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 10 wall units
- •Exercises
- •Text 11 partitions
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Find the Ukrainian equivalents of the following word – combinations, given below:
- •3) Answer the questions:
- •4) Translate into English:
- •Text 12 some problems of the design of structures
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •Text 13 the ultimate-load method of design
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 14 the design of residential areas
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •Text 15 basic concepts in the analysis of structures
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations and phrases;
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 16
- •Integrated Building System
- •Vocabulary notes :
- •Exercises:
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •Text 18 Concrete for Reinforced Concrete Structures
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •Exercises
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •Text 19 Reinforced Concrete Members.
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Try to reproduce all the words and expressions from the text connected with the civil engineering. Text 20 Classification of Loads. Basic and Design Loads
- •In turn, basic load combinations are subdivided into two groups.
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Text 21 approaches to testing the deformability of cement repair materials.
- •Vocabulary notes :
- •Exercises:
- •Find English equivalents to the following word – combinations and phrases:
- •Find the words that are suitable to the definitions:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Translate into English:
- •Vocabulary notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find the English equivalents to the following word-combinations and phrases:
- •Pick up the word-combinations, suitable to the following definitions:
- •Answer the questions:
Vocabulary notes
load – навантаження
to ensure safety –гарантувати безпеку
ultimate – головний
reinforced concrete frame – залізобетонна рама
to come collapse – статус причиною падіння
simultaneously – одночасно
Hooke’s law – Закон Гука
internal forces – внутрішні сили
to multiply the working load - помножити робоче навантаження
stress – напруга
strain – на тяжіння
Exercises
1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
чинили опір; напруга, що виробляють матеріали; збільшувати; з іншого боку; фактор безпеки; неефективний; навантаження , що не є цінним; міра безпеки; інженерні матеріали;
2) Answer the questions:
1) How are the structural members designed?
2) What is the reason for choosing the working stresses?
3) Why, in the case of a reinforced concrete frame the load might be greater then of each part of the building?
4) What’s the aim of the ultimate – load method of a structure?
5) What’s the true measure of the safety of a structure?
6) What are the sides of the members based on?
3) Translate into English:
1) В багатьох простих спорудах напруга, що виробляють матеріали, звеличується в прямих пропорціях до навантаження.
2) Існує багато випадків, в яких напруга не звеличується в прямих пропорціях до навантаження.
3) Метою основного вантажного методу дизайну є виробити «збалансований» дизайн так, щоб всі елементи впали одночасно.
4) Часто, припущення базуються на знаннях розподілу на тяжіння.
5) Закон Гука звучить: «Сила напруги пропорційна силі натяжіння ! »
Text 14 the design of residential areas
The term “design” in connection with residential areas means the arrangement of the various parts (the houses, roads, and so on) in such a way that they function properly, can be built economically and give pleasure to look at. The appearance of the area develops from its function and the way it is built, and is not something which is applied after the scientific, constructional and economic problems have been solved. These problems which are at the root of design, have received a fair share of attention in technical publications, and judging by results, are better understood than those that are concerned with appearance.
The term “residential area” is commonly taken to mean an area of urban development in which the majority of buildings are dwellings and from which conflicting buildings are excluded. It is, therefore, desirable to arrive at some idea of those characteristics which are, or are likely in the future to be essential to a residential area.
It may be said at the outset that the area must have its own identity and give the residents the feeling that it belongs to them. This simple and obvious idea, which is difficult to realize and is seldom realized today, requires two essential conditions to its fulfillment: every part of area must be within reasonable walking distance of every other part, for a journey by car or bus gives the feeling of going to another place; secondly, it must be a unity, a complete and harmonious whole.
It has now become generally accepted that an area of dwellings, however well designed, is not by itself sufficient to meet the needs of the inhabitants. Schools, shops, playing fields, a meeting hall and other communal facilities are necessary to meet these needs, and an area which contains them is general called a neighborhood. So much has been written about this idea of a residential area as a neighborhood that it is only necessary to mention, in passing one problem about which there appears to be some confusion, namely the size and shape of the neighborhood. Many authorities have recommended some particular size, usually between ten and twelve thousand people, but there are existing housing areas of two or three thousand people which are very definitely neighborhoods, and there are others which are much larger and just as satisfactory. So much depends on the structure of the town as a whole and on the topography, that there may be very wide variations in size and shape between one neighborhoods and another.