- •Рефератний переклад
- •Анотаційний переклад
- •Text 1 civil engineering
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1. Find in the text English equivalents of the following word – combinations:
- •2. Combine the word “domestic” with the proper English word to form the equivalents of the following Ukrainian word – combinations:
- •3. Translate into English using words and expressions from the text:
- •Text 2 urbanization and ecology
- •1. Read the text and answer the following questions:
- •2. Discuss the problem described in the text.
- •Exercises
- •2. Read the text. State which of these sentences express the main idea of the text.
- •3. According to the text complete the sentences using one of the given variations (a, b, c, d).
- •Text 4 residential and industrial buildings
- •Exercises
- •2. State which of the sentences describe residential buildings and which of them describe industrial buildings.
- •3. According to the text complete the sentences using one of the given variations (a, b, c, d).
- •4. Choose the correct form of the predicate for each sentence.
- •Exercises
- •2. Put the following sentences into groups according to three topics (a, b, c).
- •3. State which of the given sentences denote the description of the cement and which of them denote concrete.
- •4. Choose the correct answers.
- •Text 7 the problem of durability in building
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the following questions:
- •Text 8 footings and foundations
- •Exercises
- •Text 9 walls
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 10 wall units
- •Exercises
- •Text 11 partitions
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Find the Ukrainian equivalents of the following word – combinations, given below:
- •3) Answer the questions:
- •4) Translate into English:
- •Text 12 some problems of the design of structures
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •Text 13 the ultimate-load method of design
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 14 the design of residential areas
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •Text 15 basic concepts in the analysis of structures
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations and phrases;
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 16
- •Integrated Building System
- •Vocabulary notes :
- •Exercises:
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •Text 18 Concrete for Reinforced Concrete Structures
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •Exercises
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •Text 19 Reinforced Concrete Members.
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Try to reproduce all the words and expressions from the text connected with the civil engineering. Text 20 Classification of Loads. Basic and Design Loads
- •In turn, basic load combinations are subdivided into two groups.
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Text 21 approaches to testing the deformability of cement repair materials.
- •Vocabulary notes :
- •Exercises:
- •Find English equivalents to the following word – combinations and phrases:
- •Find the words that are suitable to the definitions:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Translate into English:
- •Vocabulary notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find the English equivalents to the following word-combinations and phrases:
- •Pick up the word-combinations, suitable to the following definitions:
- •Answer the questions:
Vocabulary notes
mankind - людство
ancient inhabitants – стародавні мешканці
withstand – протистояти
a cantilever beam – крива балка
assumption – припущення
equation - рівняння
skyscraper - хмарочос
to held responsibility – нести відповідальність
to testify - свідчити
Exercises
1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
велика кількість туристів; архітектурні споруди; руйнівний ефект; опір матеріалів; раціональні принципи; висячий міст; міцність; дивовижно.
2)Answer the questions:
1) What has mankind designed and erected from the beginning of recorded time?
2) What structures of ancient times do you know?
3) What principles did Galileo apply?
4) What technological developments of the XX th century can you name?
5) What requests arise every day?
6) What must the designer be aware of?
3) Complete the sentences in yow own words:
1) In ancient times mankind……
2) Galileo was one who…….
3) One of the assumptions that Galileo made ……
4) The great technological developments of modern time were….
5) The requests for ………… arise every day
4)Translate into English:
1) Єгипетські піраміди все ще існують сьогодні та свідчать про великі інженерські вміння давніх жителів долини Нілу.
2) Існує багато прикладів інженерних та архітектурних споруд давніх часів, що більш менш успішно протистояли руйнівному ефекту часів на протязі століть.
3) Галілей був першим, хто намагався розробити дизайн більш раціональної основи.
4) Проте, головний метод аналізу, який він виконував, продовжив гарний початок в розвитку науки, що зараз називаються опором матеріалів, або механікою
5) Великими технологічними досягненнями ХХ століття були хмарочоси, висячі мости, автомобілі, літаки та інші.
Text 13 the ultimate-load method of design
At present structural members are designed to resist the moments and forces caused by the loads that they are designed to carry without the stresses produced in the material being greater that the safe working stresses. To ensure safely these working stresses are chosen as a fraction of the ultimate strength of the material, the ratio of the ultimate strength to the working stress permitted being the factor of safety.
In many simple structures the stresses produced in the material increase in direct proportion to the load and, for such structures, if the factor of safely were 3 the structure would carry three times the design load before it failed.
There are, however, many cases in which the stresses produced do not increase in direct proportion to the load. For example, a load column may bend slightly as the load increases, causing the maximum stress in the material to rise more rapidly than if it remained straight.
On the other hand, in the case of a reinforced concrete frame-for a building the required to cause collapse might be greater than that expected from the factor of safety of each part of the building, because settlement of foundations and yielding of the members would result in the load carried by highly-stressed members being shared with adjacent members which were not so highly stressed. For this reason it is probable that for most structures the method of design using the actual loads and safe working stresses calculated from the ultimate strengths of the material for each part and the factor of safety results in some parts of the structure being capable of carrying a greater load than others. Such a design is inefficient; for example, if column collapses the capacity of the-beam which it supports to carry even a greater load is of no value.
The aim of the ultimate-load method of design is to produce a “balanced” design so that all members would fail simultaneously. The true measure of the safely of a structure is the ratio of the ultimate load causing collapse to the working load.
In the ultimate-load method of design the load that would cause the failure of each member of the structure is decided by multiplying the working loads by a factor of safety, and the sizes of the members are based on the ultimate strengths of the materials and theories of the behavior of materials when they are in a plastic condition.
The ultimate-load method is claimed to enable economies to be made in the design of many parts of a structure, for example in the case of concrete members with compressive reinforcement, and to make possible the building of structures which have a uniform factor of safety throughout.
In order to obtain values for the internal forces or stresses in terms of the applied loads and the dimensions of the member one has made some assumption, just as Galileo did, with regard to the stress distribution in the body. Frequently, this assumption is based on knowledge of the strain distribution which is obtained experimentally. The stress distribution can then be found by use of Hooke’s law which states that stress is proportional to strain. For most engineering materials, this law is a good approximation over a wide range of stresses, although the specific range of validity has to be determined experimentally for each material.