Vocabulary notes

1. Partition – перекриття

2. Fire-resistant quality – вогнестійка якість

3. sawdust – тирса

4. precast concrete – збірний бетон

5. plaster of Paris – гіпс

6. clay and terra-cotta brick and block partitions – глиняні, теракотоцегельні та блочні перекриття

7. Precast concrete block partitions – блочні перекриття зі збірного бетону

8. sawdust concrete blocks partitions – блочні перекриття з тирсового бетону

9. plaster boarded partitions – штукатурно – плиточні перекриття

10. mortar – розчин

11. expanded state - розширенні плити.

12. moulds - багети.

13. to mature –довести до зрілості

Exercises

1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:

Недолік; тверда цегла; бетоні блоки; розширені плити; легкість; наповнювач; фанера; рідкий цемент; несучі стіни; досить міцний; механічна міцність.

2) Find the Ukrainian equivalents of the following word – combinations, given below:

1) panels відбирати

2) thickness складатись

3) plaster штукатурка

4) boarded partitions дерево

5) bronze опорна стіна

6) to consist of бронза

7) wood покриття

8) supporting wall товщина

9) to cast панелі

10) covering дощаті перекриття

3) Answer the questions:

1) What are partitions?

2) What kinds of partitions are known to you?

3) What it the advantage and disadvantage of timber partitions?

4) What’s the сcommonest type of clay partitions?

5) What’s the sickness of solid brick walls?

6) How many types of precast concrete do you know and what are they?

7) Where’s sawdust concrete used?

8) How are the slabs made?

9) What do plaster boarded partitions consist of?

10) What metals are used in the manufacture of metal partitions?

11) What are panels and what’s their size?

4) Translate into English:

1) Перекриттями називаються стіни, що розподіляють будинок на кімнати, коридори та кабінеті.

2) Через свою легкість дерев’яні перекриття використовуються, коли знизу нема опорної стіни.

3) Найбільш поширений тин глиняного перекриття – це звичайна стіна з твердою цегли, що складає 4 1/2 дюйма в товщину.

4) Тирсовій бетон використовується для будування будівлі та блочних перекриттів.

5) Плити виготовляються шляхом відбору матеріалу для дерев’яних або металевих багетів.

6) Вошки можуть бути різних розмірів та використовуються для виготовлення стель та покриття внутрішніх перекриттів.

Text 12 some problems of the design of structures

From the beginning of recorded time mankind has designed and erected structures of great size and beauty. The gigantic pyramids in Egypt still stand today and testify to the great engineering skill of the ancient inhabitants of the Nile Valley. In similar fashion, the impressive marble-columned Parthenon on top of the Acropolis in Athens bears witness to the artistry of the ancient Greeks. Built in the fourth century before our era, its classic beauty still delights numerous tourists. There are many other examples of the engineering and architectural structures of ancient times that have more or less successfully withstood the ruinous effect of time throughout centuries.

However, it is only in relatively modern times that the design of structures or of machines has become a science rather than an art. Galileo was one of the first to attempt to establish design on a more rational basis. He applied the principles of equilibrium to a study of the forces acting on a cantilever beam and derived an equation for determining the internal stresses that were developed. Unfortunately, one of the assumption that he made with regard to the strain distribution in the beam was incorrect, and hence, his final equations were incorrect also. Nevertheless, the general method of analysis that he used constituted an auspicious beginning to the development of what is today the science of strength of materials. It is essentially the application of the rational principles of this science which provides the fundamental basis for all machine and structural design.

The great technological developments of the twentieth century – in structures such as skyscrapers and suspension bridges and in machines such as airplanes, automobiles, and let engines – have placed great demands and responsibilities upon design and structural engineers. Yet every day requests arise for structures and machines of still greater strength and endurance, and at less weight and with greater economy. The designer must also be constantly aware of machine or structure expires, it is he who will be responsible. Such failures are indeed rare, but when one does take place, it strikingly calls attention to the great responsibilities of design engineers.