Vocabulary notes

1. dwelling – житловий будинок

2. rubble walls – бутові стіни

3. brickwork – цегельна кладка

4. cavity wall – проміжна стіна

5. dimension – величина

6. to strengthen – підсилювати

7. insulating value – ізоляційна цінність

8. reinforcement – підкріплення; арматура

Exercises

1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:

огороджувати; балка; зовнішні стіни; фундаментальна стіна; металеві затиски ; тривалий зв’язок; неправильна форма; перевага; запобігати дощу; арматура.

2) Answer the questions:

1) Why are walls constructed?

2) What kinds of walls do you know?

3) Where does an outside wall rest?

4) What materials are rubble walls built of?

5) What is ashlars and what is its depth?

6) What materials strengthen reinforced brickwork?

7) What does cavity wall consist of?

8) What is the merit of cavity wall?

3) Translate into English:

1) Стіни використовуються для огородження територій та підтримки ваги поверхів, шиферу, землі чи води.

2) Зовнішні стіни розташовані на фундаментальній стіні, формуючи несущий елемент для верхніх поверхів та шиферу та огородження для всієї внутрішньої конструкції.

3) Бутові стіни зроблені з тонкого-каміня, що знаходиться на глибині 9 дюймів.

4) Блочні стіни вироблені з квадратних каменів, що звичайно більше ніж бутові та знаходяться на глибині 12 дюймів.

5) Проміжна стіна підходить для двохповерхової будівлі домашнього типу.

6) Проміжна стіна складається з двох окремих стін, між якими є прохід та які пов’язені металевими затисками

Text 10 wall units

Wall-slabs – Wall-slabs are mostly used for the construction of partitions or walls which carry no load but serve only the purpose of enclosing space. In some cases, precast wall units are also used to form load-carrying walls. In the construction of external walls for houses and multi-storied flats the tendency has been towards a steady increase in the size and weights of the precast units. Whole walls with windows and door incorporated are precast as single units. It appears that the optimum size and shape of precast units for wall construction is a slab of such size as can be safely transported from a permanent factory to the building sites. It is advantage if the shape of the units is similar all walls and floors. This slab structure possesses properties which are generally desirable in house construction: flat walls and ceilings without the usual breaks in the surfaces due to beams and columns; low weight, and good heat and sound insulation; small quantities of mortar, and simple erection; short time and low costs of construction.

Sections Assembled from Block. – like floor-slabs, wall sections are frequently assembled from precast hollow blocks of light-weight concrete.

Interlocking Blocks – a type of walling quickly and easily erected makes use of wall-blocks consisting of slabs with enlargements at both ends over half the weight of the unit. These enlargements have centre holes. The weight of each block is designed so that two men can carry it quite easily.

To erect the wall, strip foundations or foundation blocks are prepared in-situ, with reinforcing rods projecting vertically at centers equal to the spacing of the holes. The blocks are set in mortal so that the holes register and form hollow cylinder. As soon as the first live rows are laid, reinforcing bar is placed in each hole overlapping the vertical bar of the foundation and leaving lap for the next lift. All holes are now grouted in carefully, and the next lift is erected by repeating the same process. In lintels over doors and windows the nominal reinforcement of the block has to be replaced by a working reinforcement in accordance with the load to be carried. Precast eaves may be shaped to the architect’s requirements. They have similar 5-in. holes to provide a solid anchorage into the wall piers.

With labour reasonably well organized, such a house of 22 ft. by 15 ft. high, may easily be erected in two days after the foundations are ready, counting one day the erection of walls and another day for the precast roof.

Tilt-up Construction – Tilt-up walls are cast on the ground in one or more sections, then lifted upright and attached to each other. Sometimes these panels are made with glass or other insulating material inside. In the structure, the panels may be connected to the floor, to partitions, to columns, and to each other by welding steel details together, by bolting, by mortaring, or by any other suitable and possible means. Precast wall panels can also be used in a large multistory structure. When made with an insulating material in the middle, they are often called “sandwich” walls.

Sandwich Construction – one of the principal properties required for external wall is a satisfactory value of thermal insulation. Prefabrication offers good possibilities of improving the thermal insulation properties of concrete walls by the inclusion of layers of high-grade insulating materials. The precast units are made of storey-height and of the full length of each house. Prefabricated near the site, they consist of an inner and outer facing of reinforced concrete and a core of cellular-glass insulating blocks. These walls have an over-all coefficient of heat transmission of 0.20. Inner and outer facings tied together with expanded metal shear-ties, and edges of the panels are tongued and grooved, for water-tightness. Inserts for anchoring panels to structural steel framing are welded to the inside wire mesh, which holds them in proper position during the casting operation.

Retaining Walls – A retaining wall, usually built of stone, plain concrete, or reinforced concrete, is a wall built to sustain the lateral pressure of the earth or other material possessing more or less frictional stability. Such walls depend for their stability either on their own weight or on their own weight and additional weight of the laterally supported material. Retaining walls are most commonly used for lateral supports of earth.