UNIT 6

Text A The United Kingdom of Great Britain

and Northern Ireland Text В Freud's house in London

Grammar Видо-временные формы глагола

THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in Western Europe, usually known as the United Kingdom, the UK, Britain, or less accurately as Great Britain. The UK was formed by a series of Acts of Union which united the formerly distinct nations of England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland under a single government in London. The greater part of Ireland left the United Kingdom in 1922, and is today the Republic of Ireland. The north-eastern portion of the Island of Ireland — the Northern Ireland — remains part of the United Kingdom.

The UK is situated in the north-western part of Europe, surrounded by the North Sea, the English Channel and the Atlantic Ocean. Great Britain, now sometimes called simply Britain, is the geographical name for the largest island in the British Isles, and includes the mainland na­tions of England, Wales and Scotland. In total, it is estimated that the UK is made up of around 1098 small islands.

The United Kingdom is made up of four "parts": the nations of Eng­land, Scotland, and Wales, and the province of Northern Ireland. All four "home nations" have historically been divided into counties.

The primary language spoken is in the UK is English. Other lan­guages include the Celtic languages: Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Cornish and Irish Gaelic. Recent immigrants from elsewhere in the Common­wealth speak other languages, including Hindi and Urdu.

The United Kingdom contains two of the world's most famous uni­versities, the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford, and has produced many great scientists and engineers, including Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin.

Many believe that a great number of important sports originated in the United Kingdom, including: football (soccer), golf, boxing, rugby, and billiards. Playwright William Shakespeare is the most famous writer in the world; other well-known writers include the Bronte sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Anne), Jane Austen, Agatha Christie, and Charles Dickens. Important poets include Lord Byron, Robert Burns, and Thomas Hardy. The UK and the USA were two countries in which rock and roll developed. The UK was the home country for some of the most famous bands, including The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, and many others.

	VOCABULARY
to be known as	— быть известным в качестве
accurately	— точно
distinct	— отличительный
single	— единый
to remain	— оставаться
to be surrounded	— быть окруженным
simply	— просто, попросту
to include	— включать в себя
mainland	— (зд.) с большой земли
in total	— всего, итого
to estimate	— оценивать
county	— графство, округ
primary	— основной
rugby	— рэгби
playwright	— драматург
band	— группа, ансамбль

EXERCISE 1 Which of the following is not true about the UK?

1. The United Kingdom is a part of Ireland.

2. The UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the English Channel and the North Sea.

3. The Mainland nations of the UK are England, Wales and Scotland.

4. The only language spoken in the UK is English.

5. Recent immigrants to the UK speak Hindu and Urdu.

6. Playwright William Shakespeare is the most famous writer in the world.

7. The UK was one of the main contributors to the development of classical music.

8. The Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin and The Beatles are British bands.

9. Agatha Christie, Lord Byron and Adam Mickiewicz were British writers.

EXERCISE 2

Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is also known as the UK.

1. The UK was formed by several Acts of Union.

2. Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom.

3. Britain is the name of the largest island in the British Isles.

4. There are four nations in the United Kingdom.

5. The primary language of the UK is English.

2. Other languages spoken in the UK are Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Cornish and Irish Gaelic.

3. The University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge are two world's famous British universities.

6. William Shakespeare is the most famous writer in the world.

EXERCISE 3 Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Большая часть Ирландии отделилась от Соединенного Королевст­ва в 1922 году и сейчас называется Республикой Ирландия.

2. Великобритания, или просто Британия, — это географическое на­звание самого крупного острова среди Британских островов.

3. Всего в Соединенном Королевстве 1098 островов.

4. Кроме английского в Соединенном Королевстве говорят на вал­лийском, хинду и урду, а также других языках.

5. Драматург Вильям Шекспир является самым знаменитым писате­лем в мире и самым знаменитым английским писателем.

6. Великобритания «породила» такие знаменитые рок-группы, как «Битлз», «Роллинг Стоунз» и «Лед Зеппелин».

EXERCISE 4

What modern famous people from the United Kingdom do you know (politicians, scientists, musicians, Royal Family members)? Prepare a topic about one famous person.

FREUD'S HOUSE IN LONDON

Sigmund Freud and his family moved to London in 1938 when they left Austria. Freud had mixed feelings about England. He complained about the "fog and rain, drunkenness and conservatism" but, in general, he found London nice. It remained the family home until Anna Freud, the youngest daughter, died in 1982. Anna lived there for 44 years and continued to develop her psychoanalytic work. It was her wish that the house become a museum in honour of her famous father. Today the house is maintained as a museum, with collections including Freud's library, his collection of antiquities, and, of course, his famous rug-covered couch.

The most interesting places in the house are Freud's study and li­brary which were preserved by Anna Freud after her father's death. The bookshelf behind Freud's desk contains some of his favourite authors — Goethe, Shakespeare and Heine. Freud acknowledged that poets and philosophers had gained understanding of the unconscious which psy­choanalysis tried to explain systematically. Circumstances prevented Freud from bringing all his books from Vienna but the library in London contains those that he chose to bring with him. In addition to the books the library contains various pictures hung on the walls as Freud ar­ranged them. They include "Oedipus and the Riddle of the Sphinx" and "The Lesson of Dr. Charcot".

The room contains the original analytic couch on which patients would recline comfortably while Freud, out of sight in the green chair, listened to their "free associations." They were asked to say everything that came to mind without consciously sifting or selecting information. Undoubtedly, it is the most famous piece of furniture in all the collec­tion. It was normally covered with an oriental rug. The couch is rather short, so that the patient would not lie horizontally, but with the head quite high, supported by several pillows. The couch was given to Freud by a grateful patient, Madame Benvenisti, in about 1890.

The study is also filled with antiquities from ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt and the Orient. Freud visited many archaeological sites but most of the collection was acquired from dealers in Vienna. He confessed that his passion for collecting was second in intensity only to his addic­tion to cigars.

Vocabulary

to complain — жаловаться

drunkenness — пьянство

wish — желание

in honour of — в честь

to maintain — поддерживать, содержать

antiquities

rug-covered

couch

study

to preserve

to acknowledge

circumstances

to prevent

to arrange

Oedipus

riddle

to recline

out of sight

to sift

undoubtedly

oriental rug

pillow

grateful

Orient

to confess

addiction

• древности

• покрытый ковром

• кушетка

• кабинет

• сохранять

• принимать

• обстоятельства

• предотвращать

• (зд.) развешивать в определенном порядке

• Эдип

• загадка

• откидываться (например, в кресле)

• вне поля зрения

• фильтровать, отсеивать

• без сомнения

• восточный ковер

• подушка

• благодарный

• Восток

• признаваться, исповедоваться

• пристрастие, вредная привычка

Answer the following questions.

1. Did Freud like England?

2. What did Freud say about the British climate?

3. How long did Anna Freud live in the house?

4. What books did Freud bring with him?

5. What did Freud say about poets and philosophers?

6. What pictures were in Freud's study?

7. What is said about the "analytic couch"?

8. What addiction besides the cigars did Freud have?

EXERCISE 5

Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Freud found London nice but complained about the British weather and conservatism.

2. He moved to London with his family in 1938.

3. His youngest daughter Anna lived in that house for 44 years. She continued psychoanalytic work there. It remained her home until 1982.

4. The house is a museum now. Its collections include Freud's library, the

collection of antiquities and pictures.

5. The famous analytic couch is there too. Patients would recline on this

couch while Freud listened to their free associations.

6. The couch was presented by Freud's grateful patient Madame

7. Benvenisti in 1890.

EXERCISE 6

Translate the sentences into English.

1. Фрейд покинул Австрию вместе со своей семьей в 1938 году. Он переехал в Англию, в Лондон.

2. Там он купил большой дом. Фрейд часто жаловался на англий­скую погоду и пьянство.

3. Однако Фрейд остался в Лондоне до конца, а его дочь прожила в Лондоне 44 года до 1982 года.

4. Перед смертью она пожелала, чтобы дом стал музеем в честь ее отца — Зигмунда Фрейда.

5. В настоящее время дом поддерживается в качестве музея.

6. Самые знаменитые собрания в доме Фрейда — это антиквариат, картины и знаменитая «аналитическая кушетка». Она покрыта восточным ковром.

7. В музее также есть коллекция любимых книг Зигмунда Фрейда.

8. Кабинет и библиотека Зигмунда Фрейда были сохранены Анной Фрейд после смерти ее отца.

9. Среди разнообразных картин, развешенных Зигмундом Фрейдом в определенном порядке, — «Урок доктора Шарко» и «Эдип».

Grammar

Видо-временные формы глагола Таблица временных форм глагола

Время	Простое Indefinite (Simple)	Длительное Continuous	Завершенное Perfect
Настоящее Present	/ write Я пишу (вообще, обычно)	/ am writing Я пишу (сейчас)	/ have written Я (уже) написал
Прошедшее Past	/ wrote Я (на)писал (вче­ра)	/ was writing Я писал (в тот мо­мент)	/ had written Я написал (уже к то­му моменту)
Будущее Future	/ shall/will write Я напишу, буду писать (завтра)	/ shall/will be writing Я буду писать (в тот момент)	/ shall/will have written Я напишу (уже к тому моменту)

Simple forms

Глаголы в формах Indefinite (Simple) описывают обычные, по­вторяющиеся действия как факт — безотносительно к их длитель­ности или к результату действия.

Например:

Igo to school every day. Я хожу в школу каждый день.

В этом высказывании интересует не время, потраченное на доро­гу, не процесс движения, не результат походов, а сам факт: я хожу в школу, а не на работу.

То же самое относится к прошедшему и будущему времени.

Например:

/ went to school when I was a boy. Я ходил в школу, когда был

мальчиком. I shall go to school when I grow up. Я буду ходить в школу, когда

вырасту.

Отрицательная и вопросительная формы в Indefinite образуются при помощи вспомогательных глаголов do, does, did с частицей not, краткая форма: don't, doesn't, didn't. Порядок слов — прямой. Во­просительные предложения образуются, как правило, простой пере­становкой подлежащего и вспомогательного глагола. Вопроситель­ные местоимения при этом стоят всегда впереди.

Например:

Не is a student. — Is he a student?

We do not write much. — Do we write much?

You have a computer. — Have you a computer? — What do you have?

She does not live in Moscow. — Does she live in Moscow?

He didn t like the film. — Did he like the film? — What film he didn't like?

Особую группу составляют разъединительные вопросы, которые переводятся как утверждения-плюс «не так ли?». Они применимы к любому времени.

Например:

You speak English, don't you? Вы говорите по-английски, не

так ли?

Но:

Let us speak English, shall we? Давайте говорить по-англий­ски, хорошо?

Правильные и неправильные глаголы (Regular and Irregular Verbs)

По способу образования прошедшего времени все глаголы в анг­лийском языке можно разделить на две группы: правильные и не­правильные. У правильных глаголов вторая и третья формы (Past Simple Tense и Past Participle — простое прошедшее время и причас­тие прошедшего времени) совпадают и образуются путем прибавле­ния к основе глагола окончания -ed (-d).

Например:

to ask — asked to change — changed

to receive — received to work — worked.

При этом существует ряд особенностей:

а) если глагол оканчивается на -у с предшествующей согласной, то буква у меняется на i и добавляется окончание -ed.

Например:

to supply — supplied to apply — applied.

Если глагол оканчивается на -у с предшествующей гласной, то буква у не меняется и добавляется окончание -ed.

Например:

to stay — stayed to play — played;

б) если глагол оканчивается на согласную с предшествующим кратким гласным звуком, то согласная на конце удваивается.

Например: to stop — stopped.

После звонких согласных и гласных звуков окончание -ed или -d произносится как [d] loved, said, а после глухих согласных как [t] looked. После звуков [d] и [t] на конце слова окончание -ed (-d) произносится как [id] landed, started.

Неправильные глаголы образуют вторую и третью формы раз­личными способами, без четких правил. Это наиболее часто упот­ребляемые глаголы. В конце книги приведен список часто встре­чающихся неправильных глаголов.

Continuous forms

Глаголы в формах Continuous описывают действие как процесс, как длительность — в соотнесенности с определенным моментом в прошлом, настоящем или будущем.

Например:

/ am going to school (now).

I was reading a book yesterday at 5 o'clock.

I will be watching TV tomorrow at 7 o'clock.

Я иду в школу (сейчас, в настоя­щий момент).

Я читал книгу вчера в 5 часов.

Я буду смотреть телевизор зав­тра в семь часов.

Помимо этой функции глаголы в Present Continuous Tense вы­ражают действие, отнесенное в ближайшее будущее.

Например:

We are leaving for Moscow in July. Мы уезжаем в Москву в июле.

Perfect forms

Глаголы в формах Perfect выражают действие завершенное, приведшее к определенному результату (или к отсутствию ре­зультата). Можно сказать, что с помощью форм Perfect мы подво­дим итоги определенному периоду времени, определенных дейст­вий. Время подведения итогов — либо настоящий момент Present Perfect, либо момент в прошлом Past Perfect, либо — в будущем Future Perfect.

Например:

Ihave written the letter. (Present Perfect) / had written the letter when he came. (Past Perfect)

/ will have written the letter by 10 o'clock tomorrow. (Future Perfect)

Я (только что) написал письмо (пе­редо мной письмо как результат).

Я написал письмо, когда он пришел (2 действия, одно завершилось рань­ше другого).

Я напишу письмо к 10 часам завтра. (действие завершится к определен­ному моменту времени в будущем).

EXERCISE 1 Вставьте to write в нужной форме и переведите предложения.

	Simple	Continuous	Perfect
Present	We ... dictations every week.	They ... a dictation now.	We ... already .... the dictation.
Past	Yesterday we ... a dictation.	Yesterday from 3 till 3.45 we ... a dictation.	I ... the dicatation before you came to class.
Future	I think we ... a dictation.	Tomorrow from 3.45 ... a dictation.	We will ... a dictation by the end of the first period.

EXERCISE 2 Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную форму.

a) Present Simple - Present Continuous

1. Jason (to play) basketball at the moment.

2. We (to write) grammar tests every week.

3. Every morning my mother (to get up) at seven o'clock.

4. The sun (to shine) brightly now.

5. Look! They (to dance).

6. First, I (to get up), then I (to turn) on the radio.

7. Listen! They (to play) a new song.

8. Do not speak loud. She (to sleep)

9. Usually, I (to go) to bed around 10 o'clock. 10.1 (to like) coffee without sugar.

b) Past Simple - Present Perfect

1. I (to buy) this car a year ago.

2. I just (to buy) these stockings!

3. I (to play) footbal when I was a child.

4. I (to start) studying English five years ago.

5. I (to cook) the dinner. It is in the oven.

6. Last year I (to go) to England.

7. Finnally, I (to finish) the essay. I can have some rest.

8. When I was in Sochi, I (to swim) in the sea every day.

c) Past Simple - Past Perfect

1. I (to do) all my homework before I met my friends.

2. When we arrived, the match (to start).

3. I (to live) in Warsaw before I moved to Moscow.

4. I (to decide) to talk to you you before I made the decision.

5. She (to feed) the cat before she started cooking for herself.

6. When I came home, the program (to start) already.

7. I fall asleep very fast because I (to become) very tired during the day.

d) Future forms (going to, to be doing, will, will be doing, will have done)

1. I hope I (visit) my sister in July.

2. I (visit) my sister in July. I have bought the tickets.

3. I (visit) my sister tomorrow after 6 p.m.

4. I (visit) my sister tomorrow, but I am not sure when.

5. On Monday at 7 p.m. I (meet) with my friends.

6. I think I (meet) with my friend tomorrow.

7. I (meet) my friends at 7 p.m. near the University entrance.

8. If I am not mistaken I (meet) with my friends tomorrow.

9. I (finish) this essay by tomorrow.

EXERCISE 3

Вставьте глагол to go в нужной форме.

1. I ...to the swimming pool every Sunday.

2. I... to the swimming pool yesterday.

3. I... to that museum twice. Let's go somewhere else.

4. We... to that museum tomorrow. We bought the tickets for everybody.

5. I think we... go tomorrow. Otherwise, it will be too late.

6. He ... to the shop before he came here.

7. Where... you...? May I go with you?

EXERCISE 4

Переведите предложения на английский язык.

А.

1. Моя мама никогда не слышала об этом певце.

2. Ты когда-нибудь слышал, как он поет?

3. Вчера я плавал в бассейне. Сегодня я чувствую себя очень хорошо.

4. Вы читали новую книгу Уминского? Он написал ее за три месяца.

5. Я не видел ее в университете уже месяц.

6. Мой друг переехал на новую квартиру.

7. В этом месяце я прочитал две новые книги.

8. Мой отец переехал в Петербург. Вчера он мне звонил.

9. Я не видел своего брата в последнее время.

10. Вы читали сегодня в газете статью о новом фильме Тарантино?

11. Вы видели новую статью о нашем университете? — Да, но я еще не прочитал ее.

В.

1. Она готовила ужин, когда я зашел к ней.

2. Он играл на компьютере, когда я делал домашнее задание по анг­лийскому.

3. Когда я играл в компьютерные игры, зазвонил телефон.

4. Мы делали уроки, когда пошел дождь.

5. Когда мы разговаривали, новая учительница вошла в класс.

6. Когда зазвонил телефон, я работал в саду.

7. Я увидел своих одногруппников, когда шел по улице.

8. Начался дождь, когда мы наблюдали за игрой.

EXERCISE 5

Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.

1. Она сказала, что выполнила эту работу.

2. Мой брат сказал, что он уже видел этот фильм.

3. Когда зазвонил телефон, я читал газету.

4. Когда пришел мой друг, я еще спал.

5. Мы ужинали, когда кто-то постучал в дверь.

6. Все студенты выполнили задание правильно после того, как препо­даватель объяснил им, как его делать.

7. Когда мы вышли на улицу, ярко светило солнце.

8. Моя мама начала мыть посуду, когда я пришел домой.

9. Мы ездим в Сочи каждое лето и в Австрию каждую зиму.

10. Когда мы приехали в аэропорт, наш самолет уже улетел.

11. На побережье Черного моря погода всегда солнечная.

12. Моя подруга заканчивает работу в библиотеке каждый день в шесть часов.

EXERCISE 6 Переделайте следующие предложения в вопросительные и отрицательные и дайте краткие ответы.

Образец:

Не plays chess well. — Does he play chess well? — Yes, he does./No,

he doesn't.

1. She needs some books.

2. Mary is goingto become a psychologist.

3. Yesterday she had a lecture by famous psychologist.

4. She was listening very well.

5. Before she went to the lecture, she had visited her grandmother.

6. They talked for a long time.

7. Mary will be a good specialist.

8. She is going to write her diploma on psychoanalysis.

9. She will have finished her diploma by the end of May.

UNIT 7

Text A The United States of America

Text В American values

Grammar Страдательный залог Придаточные предложения условия и времени, действие которых отнесено к будущему Модальные глаголы и их заменители

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The United States of America, also called the United States, U.S.A., America, or the States, is a federal republic in central North America, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west. It has land borders with Canada in the north and Mexico in the south. The United States shares a marine border with Russia in the west. The country has fifty states. Washington is the national capitol of the USA. It is situated in the District of Columbia. The largest cities are New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Boston, and some others. Each state has a local autonomy according to the system of fed­eralism.

American colonies of Great Britain separated from their mother country in 1776 and were recognized as the new nation of the United States of America in 1783. During the 19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 states. The two most traumatic ex­periences in the nation's history were the Civil War (1861—65) and the Great Depression of the 1930's.

There are five ethnic groups in the US: whites, sometimes called Eu­ropean-Americans or Caucasians; African Americans, also called blacks; Hispanics, also called Latinos; Asian-Americans, frequently specified as Korean-Americans, Chinese-Americans, etc.; and Native Americans, also called American Indians.

The majority of people currently living in the United States descend from Europe immigrants who have arrived since the establishment of the first colonies. Major components of the European segment of the United States population have descended from immigrants from Ger­many (23 percent), Ireland (16 percent), England (13 percent), Scot­land, the Netherlands and Italy (6 percent), with many immigrants also coming from Scandinavia or Slavic countries. Other significant immigrant populations came from Eastern and Southern Europe and French Canada. Few immigrants came directly from France.

As of 2001, the distribution for major religions in the United States was as follows: Protestant (52 percent), Roman Catholics (24.5 per­cent), "none" (13.2 percent) and between 0.3 and 0.5 percent each for Muslim, Buddhist, Hindu. An additional 0.3 to 0.5 percent are agnostic and atheist. The largest single religious denominations in the United States are Roman Catholic Church and Baptists.

American popular culture has a large influence on the Western world. This influence is sometimes criticized as cultural imperialism. New York is famous for international opera and instrumental music as well as the world-famed Broadway plays and musicals. Cinema of the USA (primarily situated in Hollywood, California) and television of the United States can be seen almost anywhere.

The United States is also a center of higher education with more than 4,000 colleges, universities and other institutions of higher learn­ing.