Learn the definition by heart.
Remember!
Pipelines can be categorized in different ways. In what follows, pipelines will be categorized according to the commodity transported and the type of fluid flow.
What is a Pipeline?
Definition. A pipeline comprises all parts of the physical facility through which liquids (crude oil, petroleum products) or gases (natural gas, carbon dioxide) are transported, including pipe, valves and other equipment attached to the pipe, compressor units, pump stations, metering stations, regulator stations, delivery stations, holders and fabricated assemblies.
Pipelines are the safest and most efficient means of transporting crude oil and natural gas from producing fields to refineries and processing plants and of distributing petroleum products and natural gas to the consumer.
Check yourself!
If you can translate these word-combinations your total score is 204. Congratulations!
Pipeline manufacture |
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Large - diameter concrete pressure water pipes |
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Pipeline leak detection |
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Computer control initialization |
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Pipeline construction facilitation |
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Regulator delivery station |
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Fluid flow type |
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Treatment plant |
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Smaller-diameter branch lines |
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Stoneware pipe system |
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Capital city development |
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Chain pumps |
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Task 3. What is the Difference between Oil and Gas Pipeline?
I. Word usage and common errors.
We say that people or things differ when we are talking about differences with a group. Compare: “I asked the class and opinions differed”. (There were many different opinions). “I asked the class again and opinions were different” (different from the first time).
Make a distinction between A and B = not regard or treat A and B in the same way.
To avoid confusion, only should be placed as near as possible to the word or phrase that it modifies.
۷ The level of pollution can be reduced only by the introduction of new laws.
X The level of pollution can only be reduced by the introduction of new laws.
Pronunciation practice.
Volumetric, expansion, megapascal, environment, associated, unique, wildlife, challenge, eventually, source, avoid, construction, encounter, occur, sequence, refrigeration, multiproduct, permafrost, ploughing, physical.
Read the text and underline the international words.
Gas and oil pipelines are very different in their design and
modes of operation. Gas has a low volumetric heat capacity, warms quickly when compressed, and cools quickly when expanded. The quantity of gas transported is greater when the gas is compressed to a high density. However, the gas will get hot when passing through the compressor system. Between compressor stations some expansion and cooling will occur.
Deliberate cooling of the gas is necessary when it is transported through a pipeline buried in the permafrost. The gas in some pipelines is at a pressure as great as 12 megapascals. After compression, the hot gas must be cooled by refrigeration. A detailed discussion of gas pipeline construction and the environmental problems associated with its traversal of permafrost or of active soil layers is found in the city of Williams (1979).
An application was made to the Canadian government in 1974 to build a gas pipeline up the Mackenzie River valley. The Canadian government decided not to allow the Mackenzie valley route, but agreed inistead to build the Alcan gas pipeline parallel to the oil pipeline from Prudhoe Bay to Fairbanks, Alaska; this pipeline was to cross the southern Yukon and follow the Alcan highway to southern Canada, where the pipeline would branch out to California or to the upper Midwest. (This route avoids the northern Yukon coastal plain, where there is unique wildlife habitat and where the native rights of Eskimos are an important consideration). However, because of a changing oil and gas market, this Alcan gas pipeline has not been built.
Other gas pipeline proposals are under consideration. Among these is a proposal for a pipeline to carry gas from sources in the Canadian Arctic Islands down the west side of Hudson Bay and into eastern Canada. This particular pipeline would need to be installed under the Arctic Ocean between the Boothia Peninsula, Bathurst Island, and Milville Island. The technical challenge of doing this will be enormous. Grooves in the seabed caused by the ploughing of icebergs can occur. Pressure ridges of winter sea ice may scrape the seabed, and floating ice islands may rake the bottom. The pipeline going from the seabed to shore encounters severe problems with waves and floating ice-problems more severe than those encountered with river crossings. However, these technical problems eventually will be solved, and we will have gas pipelines in the Arctic Ocean and in the Antarctic Ocean.