If you can translate these word-combinations your total score is 192. Congratulations!

Transmitted fluid temperature growth
Steel alloys usage
Hydrogen pipeline transport
Hydrogen production plant pipeline system
Fire sprinkler system transport
Hydrocarbons transportation system length
Distribution system control
Additives amount
Large product pipeline construction
Pipe section edge
Metal pipes exteriors
Pipeline sewage transportation

Task 2. Pipelines. History and Development

I. Word usage and common errors.

1. Supply someone with something.

۷ We’ll supply you with everything you need.

X We’ll supply you everything you need.

2. At the beginning usually refers to something that is mentioned in the of phrase that follows: “At the beginning of the week”, “At the beginning of the book” or for something that is mentioned in or understood from the context: “Start at the beginning and read until you get to the bottom of page three”. At first usually refers to the first of two or more stages or steps and conveys a strong idea of sequence.

۷ At first I thought that the switch was broken but then I discovered it was all right.

X At the beginning I thought that the switch was broken but then I discovered it was all right.

2. P ronunciation practice.

Fluid, light, characteristic,

techniques, originate, association, quantity, extremely, surroundings, welding, manufacture, network, regardless, demand, majority, require.

2. Read the text and answer the questions at the beginning of the passages. Pipelines

What was the length of the first pipeline?

Oil and gas are fluids that are readily passed through pipelines. The first gas pipeline was installed in Genoa, Italy in 1802 to carry gas for street lighting. First more significant gas pipeline was built in 1891. It was 120 miles long, and was transporting gas from middle Indiana all the way to Chicago.

After this period very few gas pipelines were built until the end of the Second World War. During the War great progress in metal characteristics, welding techniques and pipes manufacturing was achieved, so pipelines manufacture became economically appealing.

Oil was first carried by pipeline in Pennsylvania over a distance of 10 km in 1861. By 1874, a pipeline 100 km long carried oil into Pittsburgh.

What is the largest diameter of pipelines nowadays?

Early in this century, pipelines were of small diameter: usually 7 to 15 cm and eventually up to 30.5 cm. During World War II, the big-inch pipeline of 60 cm was built to carry gas for 2000 km from Texas to Pensyllvania. The networks of natural gas pipelines throughout the world today are vast. In the Ukraine alone, there are more than 300,000 km of gas pipelines. Diameters of 35 to 76 cm are commonplace; and recently pipelines of 90 to 122 cm have been built.

Who were the pioneers of pipeline transport?

There is some argument as to when the first real oil pipe­line was constructed. Some say pipeline transport was pio­neered by Vladimir Shukhov and the Branobel Company in the late 19th century. Others say oil pipelines originated when the Oil Transport Association first constructed a 2-inch (51 mm) iron pipeline over a 6-mile (9,7 km) track from an oil field to Pennsylvania to a rail road station in Oil Creek, in the 1860s. Regardless of this, pipelines are generally the most economi­cal way to transport large quantities of oil or natural gas over land. Compared to railroad, they have lower cost per unit and also higher capacity. Although pipelines can be built under the sea, that process is economically and technically demanding, so the majority of oil at sea is transported by tanker ships.

Is it possible to construct the pipeline in Antarctica nowadays?

Major pipelines have been successfully constructed and operated in very hot regions of North Africa, the Middle East, and the United States and in extremely cold regions such as

Siberia, Alaska, and the Canadian Arctic. Someday pipelines may be built and operated in Antarctica. There are fundamental differences between gas and oil pipelines, and the interactions of the two types of pipelines with the surroundings require different design and construction techniques.