4. True or false?

1. Oil and gas pipelines require government regulations to ensure the safety of their operation, and the population and en­vironment where these pipelines run.

2. Pipeline companies do not face government regulation, environmental constrains and social situations.

3. Pipeline companies should comply with Kioto protocol which may define minimum staff to run the operation, opera­tor training requirements, up to specifics including pipeline facilities, technology and applications required to ensure ope­rational safety.

4. It is mandatory for pipeline operators to be able to detect and locate leaks of 80 percent of maximum flow within 5 minutes or less.

5. The social situation does not affect the operation of pipelines.

6. Most common technology to destroy pipelines with the help of occasional leaks is known as Computational Pipeline Monitoring Systems or CPM.

7. CPM takes information from the field related to envi­ronment.

5. Make up the titles of the scientific articles.,

The American Petroleum Institute has published several articles related to the performance of CPM in liquids pipelines, the API Publications are:

• pipeline/Computational/for/liquids/monitoring/pipelines

• methodology/based/detection/Evaluation/for software /leak/systems

• variable/and their/effects/Pipeline/on leak/uncertainties/ detectability

6. Single or double? Fill in the missing letter if necessary.

Different types of technol...ogies and strate...gies have

be...n imple...mented, from wa...lking the lin...es, up to satel ...ite surveil...ance. The most com...on technology to pro.;, tect these lin...es from occasional lea...ks is known as Co... mputational Pipe...line Mo...nitoring Sy...stems or CPM. CPM takes infor...mation from the field re...lated to pressures, flows and tempe...ratures to estim...ate the hydraulic beh... avior of the prod...uct being transp...orted.

Check yourself! If you can translate these word-combinations your total score is 264. Congratulations! Operator training requirements
Computational Pipeline Monitoring Systems
Unexpected situation presence detection
Computerized control center
Specialized detection equipment
Program committee members
Research results publication
Classic articles explications
Scientific journals informal hierarchy
Current original research finding descriptions i

Task 8. Safety. Ecological and Environmental Impact

1. Word usage and common errors

1. Pollution - is an uncountable noun.

There is pollution everywhere, even in the countryside.

X There is a pollution everywhere, even in the countryside.

2. Accept or Except? Do not confuse these two, even though they have similar pronunciations. Accept is a verb on­ly; it means variously “to take something offered”, “to believe something”, and “to agree to something”, as In We cannot ac­cept [not except] such a lame excuse. Except can work as a preposition meaning “to the exclusion of”, “excluding”, as in All students except [not accept] the freshmen are eligible. It is also a conjunction meaning “if it were not for the fact that” and “otherwise than”, as in I would have finished the course except [not accept] that I became ill at the end of the semester.The demonstrators did not quiet down except [not accept] to plan their next move. Finally, it is a verb used most often in the passive voice in the meaning “to leave out or exclude”, as in Only children were excepted [not accepted] from attendance.