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  1. Read and translate the text; draw the table of oil pipe­lines classification.

According to the transporting matter pipelines are divi­ded into:

Oil pipelines There are two types of oil pipeline: crude oil pipeline and product pipeline. While the former carries crude oil to refineries, the latter transports refined products such as gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, and heating oil from refineries to the market. Different grades of crude oil or different refined products are usually transported through the same pipeline in different batches. Mixing between batches is small and can be controlled. This is accomplished either by using large batches (long columns of the same oil or product) or by placing an inflated rubber sphere or ball between batches to separate them. Crude oil and some petroleum products moving through pipelines often contain a small amount of additives to reduce internal corrosion of pipe and decrease energy loss (drag reduction). The most commonly used drag-reducing additives are polymers such as polyethylene oxides. Oil pipelines almost exclusively use steel pipe without lining but with an external coating and cathodic protection to minimize external corrosion. They are welded together and bent to shape in the field.

  1. Reproduce this piece of information filling in the right letter. Gas pipelines

Practically all overland transportation of nat...ral gas is by pip...line. To transport nat...ral gas by other modes such as tru...k, train, or ba...ge would be more dangerous and expensive. While g...s collection and transmission lines are made of st...el, most distribution lines (i.e., smaller lines connecting from the ma...n or transmission lines to customers) built since 1980 use flexible pl...stic pip...s, which are e...sy to lay and do not cor...ode,

  1. Fill in the blanks with the necessary tense form. Don’t forget about Passive Voice. Offshore (submarine) pipelines

Offshore (submarine) pipelines (to need)

for transporting oil and natural gas from offshore oil wells and gas wells to overland pipelines, which further

(to transport) the oil to a refinery or the gas to a

processing plant. They (to be) more expensive and

difficult (to build) than overland pipelines. Offshore

construction usually (to employ) a barge on which

Part II 1

PIPELINES 1

UNIT III 1

Task 1. Piping. Pipeline Transport 2

II. Pronunciation practice. 2

III. Read the text. 2

ships instead of barges (to use) to lay the pipe. The

most notable offshore oil pipeline (to be) one linking the

British North Sea oil fields to the Shetland Islands.

  1. Fill in the gaps with: to transport, be transported, transported.

Pipelines for transporting other fluids

Pipelines have been built many other fluids

(liquids and gases). For instance, liquid fertilizers are often

long distances via pipelines. The mixture of oil

and natural gas coming out of a well must as

two-phase flow by pipelines to processing facilities before the oil can be separated from the gas. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) by ships (tankers) also requires shortpipelines to connect the ships to onshore storage tanks. Pipelines as long as 180 miles have been built carbon dioxide to oil fields for injection into reservoirs to enhance oil recovery. Finally, on a smaller scale, most chemical,food, and pharmaceutical plants use pipe various liquids and gases within the plants. When such fluids are corrosive or cannot tolerate impurities, the pipe must be of inert materials.

Check yourself! ■