Part II

PIPELINES

Unit III

A pipeline comprises all parts of the physical facility through which liquids (crude oil, petroleum products) or gases (natural gas, carbon dioxide) are transported including pipe, valves and other equipment at­tached to the pipe, compressor units, pump stations, metering stations, regulator stations, de­livery stations, holders and fab­ricated assemblies.

Pipelines are the safest and most efficient means of trans­porting crude oil and natural gas from producing fields to refineries and processing plants and of distributing petroleum products and natural gas to the consumer.

The first gas pipeline was installed in Genoa, Italy in 1802 to carry gas for street lighting.

Section 1. Basic course

Task 1. Piping. Pipeline Transport

Within industry, piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids and gases, from one location to another. The engineering discipline of piping design studies the best and most efficient manner of transporting fluid to where it is needed.

1. Word usage and common errors.

• Familiarize someone/yourself with something.

۷ I would like to familiarize myself with the latest wel­ding methods.

X I would like to familiarize with the latest welding met­hods.

• Measurement = the length, width, volume of something.

Measure = an action intended to have a particular effect, a law or ruling.

۷ In my opinion, the authorities have to take even stricter ^ measures to save our natural resources.

X In my opinion, the authorities have to take even stric­ter measurements to save our natural resources.

2. Pronunciation practice.

Industrial, piping, accompanying, manufacture, copper, pressure, fluid, design, familiar, constitute, fluid, potable, fuel, plumbing, waste, sewage, sprinkler, suppression, chromemoly, slurry, suggest, hydrogen, delivery.

3. Read the text.

Industrial process of piping (and accompanying in-line components) can be manufactured from wood, glass, steel, aluminum, plastic, copper, and concrete. The in-line compo­nents, known as fittings, valves, and other devices, typically sense and control the pressure, flow rate and temperature of the transmitted fluid, and usually are included when one dis-­

cusses the concept of piping design. Piping systems are docu­mented in Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams. If necessary, pipes can be cleaned by the tube-cleaning process.

Plumbing is a piping system that most people are familiar with, as it constitutes the form of fluid transportation that is used to provide potable water and fuels to their homes and business. Plumbing pipes also remove waste in the form of sewage, and allow venting of sewage gases to the outdoors. Fire sprinkler systems also use piping, and may transport po­table or nonpotable water, or other firesuppression fluids.

Piping also has many other industrial applications, which are crucial for moving raw and semiprocessed fluids for refi­ning into more useful products. Some of more exotic materials of construction are titanium, chromemoly and various other steel alloys.

P ipeline Transport is a transportation of goods through a pipe. Most commonly, liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes that transport solid capsules using compressed air have also been used. As for gases and liquids, any chemically stable substance can be sent through a pipeline. Therefore sewage, slurry, water, or even beer pipeli­nes exist; but perhaps, the most important are those transpor­ting oil and natural gas. The idea was first brought up by Dmitriy Mendeleev in 1863. He suggested to use a pipe for transporting Petroleum. He explained how it should be done and why it should be done.

Hydrogen pipeline transport

Hydrogen pipeline transport is a transportation of hydrogen through a pipe as part of the hydrogen infrastructure. Hyd­rogen pipeline transport is used to connect the point of hydrogen production or delivery of hydrogen with the point of demand, with transport costs similar to CNG, the technology is proven. Most hydrogen is produced at the place of demand with every 50 to 100 miles (160 km) an industrial production facility. As of 2004 there are 900 miles (1450 km) of low pres-sure hydrogen pipelines in the USA and 930 miles (1,500 km) in Europe.