8. Право внешних сношений. Дипломатический корпус. Понятия: gunboat diplomacy, shuttle diplomacy.

Diplomacy: the ability to tell someone to go to Hell so that he’ll look forward to making the trip.

gunboat diplomacy - the practice of threatening to use force against another country to make them agree to your demands

shuttle diplomacy – international talks in which someone travels between countries and talks to members of the government, for example to make a peace agreement

The Vienna Convention, in Article 1, divides the staff of the mission into the following categories: 1) The diplomatic staff, namely, members of the mission having diplomatic rank as counselors, diplomatic secretaries, or attaches.

2) The administrative and technical staff, such as clerical assistants and archivists.

3) The service staff, who are the other employees of the mission itself, such as drivers and kitchen staff, referred to in the Convention as ‘in the domestic service of the mission’.

Article 14

1. Heads of mission are divided into three classes- namely:

a) That of ambassadors or nuncios accredited to Heads of State, and other heads of mission of equivalent rank;

b) That of envoys, ministers and internuncios accredited to Heads of State;

c) That of charges d' affaires accredited to Ministers for Foreign Affairs.

2. Except as concerns precedence and etiquette, there shall be no differentiation between heads of mission by reason of their class.

Article 19

1. If the post of head of the mission is vacant, or if the head of the mission is unable to perform his functions a charge d'affaires ad interim shall act provisionally as head of the mission. His name shall be notified, either by the head of the mission or by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the sending State to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the receiving State.

2. If no member of the diplomatic staff of the mission is present in the receiving State, a member of the administrative and technical staff may, with the consent of the receiving State, be designated by the sending State to be in charge of the administrative affairs of the mission.

The diplomatic corps denotes the entirety of all diplomatic representatives, ambassadors and ministers (in case of the Vatican, nuncios and internuncios), as well as charges d'affaires. However, in a broader sense, the diplomatic corps includes not only heads of missions but also the diplomatic personnel headed by them, i.e. counselors, first, second, third secretaries and attaches, and

those persons who enjoy diplomatic status: trade representatives and their deputies, military, air force, and naval attaches and their assistants appointed to diplomatic posts, various kinds of experts on economic relations, scientific and technical cooperation, culture and agriculture, etc. The diplomatic corps includes also family members of the above-mentioned officials.

The diplomatic corps has no status of a political organization based on the norms of international law. But it allows more effective solutions of certain protocol and ceremonial questions of concern to all diplomatic missions in the receiving state, makes it easier to brief them on all the aspects of the country's political course, and facilitates the contacts with the country's official circles.

The diplomatic corps is headed by the doyen. Usually, it is the head of a diplomatic mission with longer term of stay in the given country. Only a high-ranking diplomatic officer may become a doyen. Papal nuncio is always considered the doyen regardless of the date of his accreditation.

From time to time the doyen holds unofficial consultative meetings with heads of diplomatic missions on different matters of protocol or of a ceremonial nature, usually in the course of a luncheon or dinner organized for heads of missions for that purpose. Such receptions, including farewell parties held in the honor of a head of a diplomatic mission leaving the country, are financed from the contributions of the missions themselves.

The collection of contributions to the fund of the diplomatic corps is entrusted to the treasurer who is elected, on his consent, from among the heads of missions.

As the head of the mission who has been in office longer than the others the doyen may brief his colleagues just arriving to the host country on customs and protocol practice of that country, though his recommendations are not considered obligatory. The doyen often

speaks on behalf of the diplomatic corps at festive events in the host country.