8. Европейское сообщество-цели, задачи. Основные этапы развития.

The European Economic Community was an international organization that existed between 1957 and 1993. Was created to bring about economic integration (including a single market) between Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. From 1967,- also governed the European Coal and Steel Community and European Atomic Energy Community under the term European Communities. Was enlarged later to include six additional states (1973: Denmark, Ireland, UK;1981: Greece, Portugal, Spain)

1992- Maastricht Treaty was signed, reinforcing economic and monetary union.

In 1993 the EU was created, the EEC was transformed into the European Community, with EEC institutions continuing as those of the EU.

1995- membership increased to 15 countries + Austria, Finland, Sweden

1999- the single European currency was launched- euro

2004. + 10 countries (Hungary, Cyprus, Estonia...); 2007- Bulgaria, Romania

Single market: The EU has developed a single market through a standardized system of laws which apply in all member states, ensuring: freedom of movement of people, goods, services and capital, common policies: trade, agricultural, fisheries, regional development, common currency (adopted by 13 member states)

Schengen Agreement: passport control and customs checks between many member states abolished.

Population: over 492 million

Nominal GDP: €11.6 ($15.7) trillion (2007)

Institutions:

• the European Commission

• the European Parliament

• the Council of the European Union

• the European Council

• the European Court of Justice

• the European Central Bank

Citizens elect the Parliament every 5 years.

EU represents its members in WTO and observes the G8 and G20 summits.

Europe’s mission in the 21st century is to:

• peace, prosperity and stability for its peoples

• overcome the divisions on the continent

• ensure safety for its people

• balanced economic and social development

• meet challenges of globalisation and preserve diversity of peoples of Europe

• uphold the values (sustainable development, respect for human rights, social market economy)

9. Интернациональные коммерческие термины. Цель, классификация. Exw, cif, fob

Incoterms – set of international rules published by the International Chamber of Commerce (Paris) for interpretation of terms in foreign trade.

Aim: to avoid disagreements resulting from differences in trading practices in various countries by describing duties and responsibilities of seller and buyer.

Categories: the terms are grouped in 4 separate categories:

E: seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller's premises and that’s all.

F: seller delivers to carrier appointed by buyer.

C: seller pays for carriage, doesn’t accept liability for losses or damage after shipment and dispatch

D: seller bears all costs and risks in shipping goods to the country of destination.

EXW – Ex Works

FCA- free carrier

FAS-free alongside ship

FOB-free on board

CFR-carriage and freight

CIF- carriage, insurance, freight

CPT- carriage paid to

CIP-carriage, insurance paid to

DAF- delivered at frontier

DES-delivered ex ship

DEQ- delivered ex quay

DDU-delivered duty unpaid

DDP- delivered duty paid

EXWorks:

• maximum obligation for buyer (all costs and risks)

• goods ready for col­lection at seller’s factory, premises

• buyer covers all costs and bears all risks until goods reach his warehouse.

• all forms of transport can be used

FOB (Free on Board):

• seller pays for: transportation to the port of shipment, loading costs

• buyer: freight, insur­ance, unloading, transportation to his warehouse

• passing of risk occurs when: ship's rail at the port of shipment

CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight):

• seller: transportation to the port of shipment, loading costs, freight, insurance

• buyer: unloading, transportation to warehouse

• passing of risk: ship's rail at the port of shipment