18. Категоризация мировых культур. Linear-active, Multy-, Reactive. Проблемы столкновения культур, принадлежащих к разным категориям.

Why to categorize?

• predict a culture's behavior,

• clarify why people did what they did,

• avoid giving offense,

• search for some kind of unity,

• standardize policies.

The several hundred national and regional cultures of the world can be roughly clas­sified into three groups: task-oriented, highly organized planners (linear-active); people-oriented, loquacious interrelators (multi-active); and introverted, respect-oriented listeners (reactive).

Linear-active: Germ, Switzerland, Scandinavians, the USA.

Task oriented, highly organized planners, can do only one thing at one time.

Data oriented- speech is used to exchange info, tend to stick to planned agenda. Talk and listen to equal proportions, polite, u should: partly conceal feelings, stick to facts, express respect, restrain body language, sty result oriented, reply quickly to written communication.

Time is money, u cannot benefit from being idle-doing nothing, clock nd calendr related, always on time, 10o’clock means 10 o’clock. Past is over, present- preparatory period for the future, today’s task, future- they live in it.

Multy-active: Latin America, Arabs, Indians. Southern Europeans, Russians.

People oriented, aim-set a contact, loquacious interrelators-too talkative, do several things at time.

Dialogue oriented- love totalk, show their emotions, conversation is building rlations, interrupt each other.

U should: let them talk, reply fully, be prepared for several people talking, people & feelings are more important than facts, be iplomatic rther than direct, think aloud, accept unpunctuality.

Time is relevant notion, event oriented, human transaction is more important. Always late, live in present. Unwrapping the time.

Reactive: Japanese, Chinese, Finns, Turks.

Introverted, respect oriented listeners.

Listening culture- monologue-pause-reflection-monologue. Seriously consider your idea, seek for hidden sence, analyze your intentions, use impersonal pronouns, passive voice, lack of eye contact, no small talk.

U should: listen, never interrupt, confront, disagree openly, criticism should be indirect, talk slowly, don’t rush, be punctual, don’t look into the eyes, show exaggerated respect.

Unfolding the time. Segmentation, the form is more important than the context. Cyclic view of time.

The most obvious example of the culture clash is when you (linear-active) appoint meeting with your partner (multi-active) and he is late for half an hour or more. You might be upset, but he uses different time system. Multi-active people are not very interested in schedules or punctuality. They pretend to observe them, especially if a linear-active partner insists. They con­sider reality to be more important than man-made appointments.

19. Понятие культуры. Чем обусловлено поведение представителей отдельной культуры? Что может вызвать культурный шок? Понятие нормы.

Culture is a collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one category of people from another.

Collective programming - a process to which each one of us has been subjected since birth.

Brainwashing – political coercion давление.

Cultural display- image that u produce on the representatives of other cultures.

Human mental programming is "grafted пересажено onto" inherited traits.

1 – Common to mankind- inherited – wants to be liked, survival, anger at injustice…

2 – learned-collective programming – shyness, politeness, desire to be in group, respect for elders…

3 – Deviant traits- individual –extra powers of perception, stubbornness or even genius, stand apart from their colleagues and deviate sharply from the national track. Such people often become famous for their idiosyncrasies, and a few have actually changed the course of their nation's destiny (e.g., King Henry VIII, Kemal Atariirk, Emperor Meiji of japan).

Cultural conditioning, stages:

• Observation-imitate, try

• Reinforcement- practice by learning

• Internationalization- still a bit awkward

• Spontaneous manifestation- natural behavior

Culture clash happens when we try to impose our core beliefs on another culture (usually alien culture).

Culture shock – the anxiety and feelings (of surprise, disorientation, uncertainty, confusion, etc.) felt when people have to operate within a different and unknown cultural or social environment after leaving everything familiar behind and they have to find their way in a new culture that has a different way of life and a different mindset such as in a foreign country.

Stages:

• honeymoon

• Communication problems, misunderstanding

• Start to understand that there are some good things, start liking

• Reentry shock when come back home

How to fight cultural shock: learn about the country, take the reality as an experience, don’t try too hard in imitating, maintain contact with ur ethic group, develop a hobby, learn the language

Most English people think they are normal and that all others (whom they call "foreigners") are abnormal. If people from each culture consider themselves normal, then the corollary вывод is that they consider everybody else abnormal. By this token Finns consider Ital­ians overly emotional because they wave their arms while talking. We can achieve a good understanding of our foreign counterparts only if we realize that our "cultural spectacles" are coloring our view of them. To begin with, we need to examine the special features of our own culture. Our second task, once we realize that we, too, are a trifle strange, is to under­stand the subjective nature of our ethnic or national values

Фондовая биржа. Техника продаж ценных бумаг на биржах. NASDAQ, NYSE, Dow Jones Industrial Average.

Shares sold by PLC can be listed on the stock exchange. Stock exchange - a market in which securities are bought and sold. Person with money to invest Approaches to a stockbroker- either directly or through the bank manger or solicitor. Broker will advise which shares to buy and how many. Client pays broker’s commission + government stamp duty and cost of the shares. Stockbroker – dealer in stock and shares. Ordinary people are not allowed to deal on the Stock Exchange  trading has to be done through a broker approved by Stock Exchange Council. Broker goes to the floor of the Stock Exchange and approaches some jobbers (usually more then 3) ho actually buy and sell shares. Broker goes from jobber to jobber  tries to buy shares at lowest price.

Broker conveys передает shares to his client + he charges commission of 0.5 – 1.5%

The clients holds shares (can draw получать his dividends OR sell them)

Jobbers bid – jobber’s profit (jobber charges higher price to buying broker then he’s paid to the selling broker).

Bulls: Buy shares expecting prices to rise, Buy when the price is law  sell when price is high

Bears:Sell shares expecting prices to fall

Stags: Buy newly issued shares in the expectation that prices will rise  sell in the hope of making a quick profit

Reasons for buying and selling:

1. Getting steady income from dividends + maintain value of the capital

2. Lower dividends BUT long-term capital growth

3. Speculations – buying and selling in the hope of making short-term capital gains

The stock market of each country has one or more share indexes. Share index – representative group of shares chosen as a barometer of the movement of the market as a whole. Useful for investors to see how well their shares are doing compared with the rest of the market.

ММВБ: the top 30 shares on the Russian stock market.

NASDAQ: about 3,700 companies in the US, has more trading volume than any other stock exchange in the world

NIKKEI 300: the top 300 shares on the Japanese stock market

Dow Jones Industrial Average: 30 leading industrial companies in the USA

NASDAQ:

• NASDAQ – National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation

• World’s first electronic market – computer-based market

• over-the-counter (OTC) system of trading – only high-tech companies are listed

• brokers operate from their own inventory

• more than 3200 companies are listed

• Index – NASDAQ composite

• OTC market – внебиржевой рынок ценных бумаг (не котирующихся на обычных фондовых биржах в силу строгости правил котирования на них)

• в США созданы специальные биржи (с облегчёнными правилами котирования) для отдельных сегментов такого рынка, например, NASDAQ для ценных бумаг высокотехнологичных компаний)

NYSE:

• NYSE – New York Stock Exchange (at 11 Wall Street)

• 2297 companies listed

• Indexes: NYSE Composite + Dow Jones Industrial Average

Dow Jones Industrial Average:

• 30 leading industrial companies in the USA

• used to include only industrial companies (now not only industrial)

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