13. Иерархическая структура компании, основные отделы и их функции. Персонал, маркетинг, научно-исследовательский, производственный, связи с общественностью.

Most companies are made up of 3 groups of people: the shareholders (provide capital), the management and the workforce. At the top of the company hierarchy is the Board of Directors, headed by the Chairperson or President. The Board is responsible for policy decisions and long-term strategy. It appoints a Managing Director or Chief Executive Officer, who has overall responsibility for the running of the business. He oversees all aspects of activities. Senior managers or company officers head various departments or functions within the company. Director is responsible for the day-to-day management. Supervisory Board monitors the general course of business, supervise policies, ensure that issues and practices are shared across activities.

PERSONNEL touches all parts of the business- touches all the employees. Manages employee affairs. find and screen new employees, keep employee records, run training, recreation and education programs. manages employee benefits: medical coverage, life insurance, profit sharing plans, pension plans. Reviews salaries.

MARKETING is bringing a product to market and building its market share. Have to consider the competition, market share and margin. Decide what types of consumers company wants to reach. To meet their objectives marketing people devise strategies as market segmentation and positioning. Marketing includes advertising.

R&D scientists and engineers engage in so named technical programs. They are assisted by technicians. Constantly look for new ideas  experiment with new products. Involved in developing new products and modifying existing range of products  meet customer demands. Provide drawing, a parts list and assembly instructions.

MANUFACTURING Raw materials, parts receiving, plant engineering, production, production scheduling, quality control(quality assurance), shipping. The place where manufacturing takes place is the production line.

PR - the practice of managing the communication between an organization and its publics. Activities include speaking at conferences, working with the media, and employee communication. It is something that is not tangible; this is what sets it apart from advertising.

IT is also called management information system or EDP. It gets and transmits timely information about business inside and outside the company. Plays an essential role in today’s changing work environment. Develop new applications. Ensure that all system are working properly. Make it easier to exchange info.

PURCHASING -more than filling out purchase orders, approving bills from suppliers or vendors and looking for the best deals on minor items such as calculators or desk chairs. A very powerful group that is a key buying influence, perhaps specializing in basic materials, parts design or business systems.

ACCOUNTING = finance. people -accountants. They keep track of all the company's financial dealings; play an important role in setting the company's annual budget. They produce the financial information that goes into the company's annual and quarterly reports to shareholders.

TRANSPORTATION(Traffic) manages the movement of raw material and parts into the company and finished products to the customers in domestic or foreign markets. Often the manufacturer and the customer prefer different delivery dates: the customer wants the products delivered on time as requested (OTAR), but the manufacturer wants more convenient date - on time as promised (OTAP). The best companies deliver on time as the customer requires.

SALES is sometimes a part of a company's marketing operation, but it's a distinctly different business activity. Marketers develop market strategies, salespeople pursue sales objectives. Effective sales representatives have good contacts in the market place and good working relationships with the other departments in their companies. Most sales reps work in the field: their sales territories are away from the home office (headquarters).