Exercise 3

Give answers about your chances for future.

Is it any hope for you to find a well-paid job?

to buy a Mercedes?

to get promotion in your office?

to find a good wife (husband)?

to buy a cottage on Palm Beach?

to become a manager of a big company?

EXERCISE 4

Translate the sentences into English, using the "for - Infinitive" construction:

1. Ему необходимо встретиться с ней.

2. Ей легко переводить этот текст?

3. Ей приятно получать письма от родственников.

4. Моим коллегам было очень трудно начать эксперимент.

5. Ему будет интересно знать, что они думают об этом.

6. Для него будет сюрпризом встретить нас там.

7. Ему будет приятно сообщить ей об этом.

8. Нам необходимо знать о его приезде заблаговременно.

9. Нам нет необходимости идти туда так рано.

10. У неё нет возможности встретить их там.

Структура безличного предложения.

Тип A: It is cold. It is interesting. It is difficult to help him.

It is cold.

Is it cold ? Yes, it is ( No, it isn’t.)

It is not cold.

Тип B: It sets /becomes cold.

It gets / becomes cold in autumn.

Does it get / become cold in autumn ? Yes, it does.

No, it doesn't.

When does it get / become cold ? In autumn.

It doesn't get_ cold.

Тип C: It is getting dark.

It is getting dark.

Is it --- getting dark? Yes, it is.

No, it isn’t.

It is not getting dark.

Вопросительная и отрицательная форма в безличных предложениях строится по общему правилу. Вспомогательный глагол в зависимости от времени изменяется. Необходимо помнить, что глагол "to be" сам выступает в роли вспомогательного глагола и дополнительно другого глагола не требует.

EXERCISE 5

Read and translate the sentences into Russian. Make negative and interrogative forms of these sentences.

1. It is usually dark at 6 о’clock in winter.

2. It is always cold in January.

3. It was simple to translate that letter.

4. It was warm yesterday.

5. It will be interesting for you to read this English book.

6. It was easy to find the railway-station.

7. It is difficult for him to learn this text by heart.

EXERCISE 6

Make up three sentences according to the models, using the adjectives:

dark – темный cold - холодный

hot - жаркий late - поздний

warm - теплый.

a) It is light here now.

b) It was early morning.

c) Is it already ten o'clock?

EXERCISE 7

Translate the sentences into English, according to the models.

Model 1: Темно - It is dark.

1. Светло. 2. Жарко. 3. Прохладно. 4. Тепло. 5. Интересно. 6. Важно знать это. 7. Трудно спрашивать об этом. 8. В ноябре было холодно.

Model 2: Светает - It is getting light.

1.Темнеет. 2.Становится тепло и светло. 3.Становится прохладно. 4. Становится скучно. 5. Становится жарко.

Model 3: В октябре становится прохладно. - It gets/becomes cool in October.

1. В июле становится жарко. 2. Светает в пять часов утра. 3. Когда темнеет? 4. Становится трудно понять это.

EXERCISE 8

Put these sentences in Past and Future Simple Tenses, changing the adverbial modifier of time.

1. It is cold today. 2. It is dark here. 3. It is eight o'clock. 4. It is easy to understand this simple text. 5. It is interesting to listen to your stories. 6. It is difficult for me to learn some grammar rules. 7. It is dark in this room. 8. It is important for me to invite them now. 9. It is not usually for us to hear such words. 10. It is strange for him to see you here.

EXERCISE 9

Answer the questions, paying attention to impersonal sentences.

1. It is usually cold in April, isn’t it?

2. Is it usually dark or light in the streets at five o’clock in the morning in summer?

3. Will it be warm or cold tomorrow?

4. Is it usually hot or cold in summer?

5. Won’t it be late if I ring you up at eleven o’clock to-night?

6. Is it the shortest (longest) day of the year today?

7. Is it colder or warmer today than it was yesterday?

EXERCISE 10

Translate the sentences into the English language.

1. Здесь очень темно. Давайте заниматься в комнате № 308.

2.Около окна холодно. Давайте сядем сюда, здесь теплее.

3. Это не очень важный вопрос, давайте обсудим его завтра. Сейчас уже очень поздно.

4. Было очень рано, но когда я подошёл к реке мой брат меня уже ждал.

5. Сейчас слишком рано обсуждать результаты нашей работы.

6. Зима. Холодно.

7. Зимой трудно вставать рано, потому что утром темно.

8. Катя знает немецкий и французский языки, поэтому ей легко изучать английский язык.

9. Странно, что она не принимает участия в обсуждении этого доклада. 10. Вам трудно идти? Давайте возьмем такси.

11. Совсем не странно, что Том не согласился поехать с Вами на отдых в Сочи. Он понимал, что это очень дорогой город, а у него были финансовые трудности в тот момент.

EXERCISE 11

Change the sentences into impersonal, using « it », according to the model.

Model: He came to Moscow only yesterday. It was only yesterday that he came to Moscow.

1. I recognized him only when he came up to me.

2. He used to read to us Chekhov’s stories.

3. I could not read this book because of the small type.

4. This student made a very good report on the international situation at the meeting yesterday.

5. He made so much progress in English because he worked a great deal.

6. His smile made me recognize him immediately.

7. I objected to his taking part in this work.

8. He improved his phonetics by reading books aloud.

9. I met him on my way home.

10. In our country men of education and culture, men of lofty principle and moral integrity are most highly estimated.

REMEMBER THE FOLLOWING RULE

Сказуемое в безличном предложении может быть простым глагольным, которое выражается глаголами, обозначающими состояния природы:

to rain, to snow, to freeze, to thunder u другие.

For example:

It often rains in autumn. - Осенью часто идут дожди.

It snowed in December. - В декабре шел снег.

Структура предложений такого типа.

• It rains/ snows in spring.

Does it rain _/ snow_ in spring? Yes, it does.

No, it doesn’t.

It does not rain_/ snow_ in spring.

• It is raining now.

Is it raining now? Yes, it is.

No, it is not.

It is not raining now.

Вопросительные и отрицательные предложения строятся по общему правилу. В зависимости от времени изменяется вспомогательный глагол. Но глагол "to be " вспомогательного глагола не требует.

EXERCISE 12

Read and translate the sentences into Russian. Make negative and interrogative forms of these sentences.

1. It often rains in autumn.

2. It is snowing now.

3. It was thundering at eleven о'clock yesterday.

4. It seldom snowed in October last year.

5. It will rain soon.

EXERCISE 13

Translate the sentences into the English language.

1. Посмотри в окно. Идет дождь?

2. Вчера шел снег? - Нет. Вчера не шел снег, и было очень холодно.

3. Когда я вышел из дома, шел дождь.

4. Когда часто идут дожди в вашем городе? - Дожди часто идут осенью и особенно в Октябре.

5. В этой стране в ноябре редко идет снег.

EXERCISE 14

Put these sentences in Past and Future Simple Tenses, changing the adverbial modifier of time.

1. It snows much in winter. 2. It rains in autumn.

3. It is snowing now. 4. It thunders in summer.

EXERCISE 15

Translate the sentences into English, according to the model.

Model: Снег идет зимой - It snows in winter.

1.В Апреле и мае дождь идет каждый день. 2.В январе часто идет снег. 3. В Англии снег выпадает зимой? 4. Выпадают ли там дожди летом?

EXERCISE 16

Agree or disagree with the statements. Give additional information in your answers.

Model 1: It is warm in summer.

Yes, you are right. It is warm in summer. Summer is the warmest season of the year.

Model 2: It rains in February (snow).

Excuse me, but it doesn't rain in February. There is a lot of snow in February.

1. It snows in spring (begin to melt)

2. It is raining in autumn.

3. It is cold in winter.

4. It is foggy in the afternoon (in the morning).

5. It is cold in August. (hot)

6. It is difficult to translate this text. (easy)

REMEMBER THE FOLLOWING RULE

К безличным предложениям, кроме того, относятся предложения, где сказуемое - глагол, выражает сомнение, вероятность, случайность - to seem, to happen, to appear, to turn out и другие.

Сюда относятся такие безличные обороты как:

it seems — кажется

it appears - по видимому, очевидно.

it happens, it turns out - оказывается

For example:

It seems that he works much. – Кажется, он много работает.

It turned out that nobody knew anything about the matter. - Оказалось, что никто ничего не знал об этом деле.

Вопросительная и отрицательная форма таких предложений строится по общему правилу.

Структура предложений такого типа.

It seems that she knows English.

Does it seem that she knows English?

It doesn't seem_ that she knows English.

EXERCISE 17

Read and translate the sentences into Russian. Make negative and interrogative forms of these sentences.

1. It seems that she has cooked breakfast.

2. It appears that your friends often come to you.

3. It turned out that Helen saw him in the cinema.

4. It happened that Tom got a bad mark.

5. It turns out that she works at the factory.

6. It appears that the Antarctic has always been good for doing scientific experiments because it is one of the few places in the world which still has a relatively unpolluted environment.

7. It turns out that scientists can study the history of the Earth, its seas and the atmosphere by looking at the layers of ice, laid down year after year.

8. It seems that few land species of wildlife live in Antarctica, owing to the harsh conditions.

EXERCISE 18

Translate the sentences into English.

1. Оказывается, он встал вчера в 10 часов утра и опоздал в университет.

2. Кажется, я видел её где-то в центре города, но не помню точно где.

3. По-видимому, она знает английский язык хорошо, так как переводит очень быстро тексты с английского языка на русский.

4. Кажется, я читал эту книгу Диккенса в прошлом году.

5. По-видимому, Катерина не придет сегодня вечером в кафе из-за болезни.

6. По-видимому, одной из причин глобального потепления в Антарктике, по мнению некоторых учёных, может быть парниковый эффект (greenhouse effect).

7. Оказывается, потепление в Антарктике может быть нежелательно для многих живых организмов и в частности пингвинов(penguins).

8. По-видимому, Земля – это единственная планета способная поддерживать жизнь.

EXERCISE 19

Read the text and change the sentences into impersonal ones, using the pronouns:

one, we, you, they or it:

it turns out ...

it seems that

it is important to remember ...

it is necessary to know ... и другие.

There is no life without water. Man can live without clothes, without shelter, and even for some time without food. Without water he soon dies.

Some people say that man and his story is «a question of water and little else." All his food has water, from about 60 to as much as 95 per cent. His body is about 70 per cent water. But often man does not have enough water.

Man needed something to carry and keep water in, and so the idea of pottery was born. And industry is thirsty too. People need 5.5 litres of water to produce a kilogram of dry cement, 10 litres to produce one litre of petrol, 100 litres to produce one kilogram of paper, and so on.

The earth has as much water as it ever had: no more, no less. But with every year the population of the world gets larger and larger. That's why everybody must use water sparingly.

EXERCISE 20

Rewrite these sentences as in the example.

Example:

It is said that the Earth is in danger.

The Earth is said to be in danger.

1. It is claimed that pollution from factories and cars is poisoning our planet.

Pollution from ………………………………………………. .

2. It is thought that a third of the world’s rainforests have been destroyed.

A third ………………………………………………………. .

3. It is expected that we will have run out of oil by the end of the century.

We are ……………………………………………………… .

4. Cutting down trees is believed to have caused the recent severe floods in many parts of the world.

It is ……………………………………………………… .

5. Temperatures are expected to continue rising by about 0,2 % per decade.

It is ……………………………………………………… .

6. It is said that the recent extreme weather is due to global warning.

People say that ……………………………………………. .

7. It is thought by scientists that the polar ice caps are melting.

Scientists think that …………………………………… .

8. They expect that sea levels will rise by 20-40 cm in the 21^st centure.

It is expected that ………………………………………. .

9. It is believed that many species of animals have become extinct.

Many species of animals are ………………………… .

EXERCISE 21

Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first.

1 It is said that the hijackers are armed.

The hijackers are said to be armed.

2 It is thought that the man is innocent.

The man ……………………………. .

3. It is reported that four people have been injured.

Four people ………………………………………………………. .

3. It is believed that the burglar entered the house through an open window.

The burglar ……………………………………………….

5 It is thought that the robbers are hiding in an empty building.

The robbers ………………………………………………. .

3. It is expected that the police will arrest three people. The police ………………………………………………… .

EXERCISE 22

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.

1. People say that floods will become more common.

said

It is said that floods will become more common.

2. People believe that our weather patterns are changing.

believed

Our weather patterns ………………………………changing.

3 People tear that many species of animals are disappearing from our planet.

feared

Many species …………………… from our planet.

4 Scientists believe that the Earth is getting warmer.

is

It ………………………. the Earth is getting warmer.

3. Experts think that the polar ice caps are melting.

thought

The polar ice caps …………………………… melting.

3. People say that we are poisoning the land.

are

We …………………………… the land.

3. People often claim that our planet is in danger.

claimed

It …………………….. our planet is in danger.

8 Experts report that fish are dying because the sea is polluted.

reported

Fish ……………… because the sea is polluted.

9 Scientists believe that the rainforests contain many useful plants.

to

The rainforests ……………………… many useful plants.

10 They expect temperatures to keep rising for some time.

are

Temperatures ………………………………to keep rising for some time.