Контрольне завдання № 2

2.1 Read the text “A computer”. Define whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). The first statement has been done for you. Mark your answer on the separate answer sheet.

How the Internet Became a Big Boy

In the summer of 1968, experts at the RAND Corporation, America’s foremost Cold War think tank, were considering a strange strategic problem. How could the US authorized successfully communicate after a nuclear war? No matter how thoroughly a network was armoured or protected, its switches and wiring would always be vulnerable to bombs. An attack could reduce any conceivable network to tatters. And how would the network itself be commanded and controlled? Any central authority would be an obvious and immediate target for an enemy missile. RAND mulled over this grim puzzle in deep military secrecy, and arrived at a daring solution. In the first place, they would design a network with no central authority. Furthermore, they would design it to operate while in tatters.

The principles were simple. All the nodes in the network would be equal in status, each with its own authority to originate, pass and receive messages. The messages themselves would be divided into packets. Each packet would begin at some specified source node, and end at some other specified destination node. It would wind its way through the network on an individual basis.

The route that the packet took would be unimportant. Only reaching its final destination would count. Basically, the packet would be tossed like a hot potato from node to node, until it ended up in the proper place. If big pieces of the network had been blown away, that simply wouldn’t matter.

0.	In the summer of 1967, experts at the RAND Corporation, America’s foremost Cold War think tank, were considering a strange strategic problem.	0.	F
1.	RAND mulled over this grim puzzle in deep military secrecy.	1.
2.	RAND wouldn’t design a network to operate while in tatters.	2.
3.	All the nodes in the network would be equal in status.	3.
4.	Each packet would begin at some simple source node	4.
5.	The packet would be tossed like a hot potato from node to node.	5.

2.2 Read the text “Life as an Academic Secretary”. Define whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). The first statement has been done for you. Mark your answer on the separate answer sheet.

Life as an Academic Secretary

As 1.6m students flood into universities for the start of the new academic year who gives a thought to the thousands of underpaid backroom staff who make the massive operation happen – the secretaries?

I’ve worked for 25 years at a highly respected university, have two degrees, and a range of experience which includes managing a highly successful international research project. But I inhabit a space at my institution, as perceived by the hierarchy, which remains obstinately diminutive, however far I expand it. I’m a department administrator – a low-grade one, but nevertheless paid on an academic-related pay scale.

I achieved these dizzying heights after years of campaigning, appealing, whingeing, persisting, and working damned hard. But for 23 of those years I was a secretary. And, in many respects, I’m still perceived as such.

University secretaries are small when measured by their formal recognition and the salaries they earn (the majority around $4,000 - $16,000). Measure me by my verbalized value, though, and you’ll hear phrases such as “she’s the one who really runs the show,” or “ask the boss.” Remarks like this do not flatter us; they patronize and offend us.

0.	As 1.6m students flood into universities for the start of the new academic year.	0.	T
1.	I’ve worked for 25 years at a highly respected university, have three degrees, and a range of experience.	1.
2.	I’m a department administrator – a high-grade one, but nevertheless paid on an academic-related pay scale.	2.
3.	In many respects, secretary is still perceived as respected.	3.
4.	University secretaries are small when measured by their formal recognition and the salaries they earn (the majority around $4,000 - $10,000).	4.
5.	You’ll hear phrases such as “she’s the one who really runs the show,” or “ask the boss.”	5.