Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What kind of knowledge and experi­ence should a building designer possess to use deep foundations?

2. What are the most common reasons for the use of deep foundations?

3. What are the typical structures requiring deep foundations?

4. Why are deep foundations used in situations in which shallow footings are not possible?

5. When is a cost analysis of alternatives necessary?

6. What will such an analysis usually require?

7. Why is foundation design and construction practices often influenced by the location of a building?

8. Who are deep foundation elements constructed by?

Лексическое упражнение

В списке А даны некоторые слова и выражения, которые использованы в тексте для домашнего чтения. Найдите те их перевод в списке В.

А	B	А	B
soil	жёсткий	high-rise building	альтернатива
house v.	анкер	drawback	подрядчик
occur	влияние	particular	специфический
settlement	грунт	alternate	использовать
near	редко	capability	отсутствие
utilize	главный	primary	альтернативный
analysis	высотное здание	sufficient	достаточный
hillside	местный	competitive	решение
lack n.	косогор	upper	около
selection	конкурентный	perform	встречаться
decision	недостаток	experience	выполнять
precise	излишний	influence	выбор
local	точный	excessive	верхний
equipment	возможность	rarely	помещаться
contractor	опыт	stiff	оборудование
alternative	анализ	anchor	осадка

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Урок 2.5

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

[q'reInGmqnt]; ['fleksIbql]; ["Instq'leISqn]; ['fJCq]; ['sAbsIkwqnt];

["mPdIfI'keISqn]; ['leIaVt]; ['strAkCqrql]; ['klxdIN]; [prq'tekSqn]; ['sWvIsIz];

[pR'tISqn]; [kqm'pqVz]; [spI'sIfIk]

		B
precision	arrangement	modificate	layout	modification
structural	arrogant	flexible	protection	specific
cladding	partition	subsequent	feature	figure
specify	compose	installation	services	compress

Текст A

STEEL-FRAMED BUILDING

In order to explain the various features which enable the design of a multi-storey steel-framed building to make full use of the constructional material, it is necessary to start with the properties of the supporting structural system itself. The main constructional work, the cladding and the services should correspond to this.

The basic components of a steel structure are steel sections. These include thin-walled slender elements which possess high load-bearing capacity having at the same time small overall dimensions and low weight. The system that performs the load-bearing function — the structural steel frame — is assembled from these relatively slender steel members. The frame is thus a skeleton which does not have a space-enclosing function to perform, although it does provide support for such space-enclosing elements as floors, walls and partitions.

The steelwork is usually prefabricated in a factory, structural steelwork mass production techniques being favourable.

The successful use of the favourable properties of structural steelwork can be more efficiently achieved if the space-enclosing system is designed so that it is:

• composed of prefabricated units which ensure that the particular speed of erection of structural steelwork results in a short overall construction time;

• light, so that the overall weight of the building is minimized;

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• adaptable to flexible internal layout of the floor space in the steel-framed building and to modification of its components;

• suitable for the specific properties and features of the structural steel frame;

• economical from the point of view of fire protection.

The open arrangement of the structural steel frame enables the installation and subsequent modification of services and equipment in both the vertical and horizontal directions.

Notes:

constructional material		конструкционный материал
favourable adj. удобный, подходящий
load-bearing capacity		несущая способность
make use of	использовать
skeleton n.	каркас