Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на функцию причастие II в предложении.

1. Deformation means a change in the outside dimensions of an object caused by a force.

2. The term unit strain, also called strain, means the total change in dimensions divided by the original dimension.

3. The most interesting of all cast-iron (чугунный) buildings was the Crystal Palace built in 1851.

4. The safety factor equals the failure unit stress divided by the allowable unit stress.

5. Important factors considered in deciding on a safety factor are listed here.

6. The description of new building materials was given in the article written by our specialist.

7. The bridge built over the river in1980 needed reconstruction.

8. The material is not efficiently used, and stresses are high.

9. Since the structures designed by engineers are planned to be stable, horizontal and vertical forces must be balanced.

10. Prestressed concrete is an improved form of reinforce­ment.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие словосочетания.

soil strata, surface temperature, glass fibre reinforcement, cross section dimension, climate and soil conditions, concrete structure design, basement floor, moisture content, shrinkage and temperature stresses

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, определите их главные и второстепенные члены.

1. With no basement these walls are not actually walls.

2. A sample subjected to a compressive force becomes shorter and wider.

3. The designer prepares plans consisting of drawings

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Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на причастие I.

1. In practice the most serious changes causing failure of floors and roofs are dimensional ones.

2. Some structural materials having low thermal conductivity serve as insulation.

3. Various kinds of cement are available, for example, those having rapid hardening properties.

4. Forces acting at an angle are a combination of horizontal and vertical forces.

5. Stress is the force or pressure tending to strain or deform a structure or its various parts.

6. Heat movement takes place by conduction through any solid object separating areas of different tempera­tures.

Текст B

FOUNDATION WALLS

Foundation walls provide a ground-level edge for the building and support for elements of the building. In addition to these usual functions they often serve a number of functions for the building foundation system. Some of these are as follows:

Walls of some length and height typically form stiff beamlike elements. Their structural potential in these cases is often used for additional purposes: they distribute or equalize the load.

Walls may be used as spanning members, carrying their own weight as well as some supported loads. This is often the case in buildings with deep foundations and a column structure. Deep foundation elements are placed under the columns, and walls are used in order to span from column to column. This can also be the case with bearing foundations if the column footings are quite large and reasonably closely spaced; the stiff wall then is actually bearing not on its own footing but tends to span between the larger footings.

When columns occur in the same plane as a foundation wall, many different relationships for the structural action of the walls, columns, and column foundations are possible. If the walls and columns are monolithically constructed, the walls generally share the load to some extent.

Notes:

beamlike adj. похожий на балку spanning member ригель рамы

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. What are the usual functions of the foundation walls?

2. What is the foundation wall structural potential often used for?

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3. When are the walls used as spanning members?

3. In which case the walls and columns share the load to some extent?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте причастия II. Определите их функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте причастия I. Определите их функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

closely spaced, equalize (v.), monolithically (adv.), relationship (n.), edge (n.), distribute (v.).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

A	B	A	B
случай	height	высота	between
их	these	твёрдый	also
обеспечивать	stiff	собственный	if
опираться	carry	эти	bear
делить	own	служить	different
между	tend	также	their
, уравновешивать	provide	степень	equalize
дополнительный	share	нести	additional
следующий	extent	разный	as follows
колонна	column	если	case

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже

слов:

bear – bearing - bearing foundation

outside n. - outside adj. - outside adv. – outside prep.

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Урок 2.3

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

['kxntI"lJvq]; [rek'txNgjVlq]; [trxnz'vWs]; [prq'Gekt]; [dI'rekSqn (daI-)];

['InkrJs]; [dI'tWmIn]; ["sICV'eISqn]; [q'SVq]; [I'venCVqlI]; [wIdT]; ['beIsmqnt];

["mPnq'lITIkqlI]; [q'dISqnql]

		B
project n.	direction	additional	assure	situation
rectangular	transversal	wide	transverse	width
admissible	increase n.	monolithically	eventually	cantilever
project v.	increase v.	detection	determine	basement

Текст A

WALL FOOTINGS

Wall footings consist of concrete strips placed under walls. The most common type of wall footing consists of a strip with a rectangular cross section projecting an equal distance as a cantilever from both faces of the wall. For soil stress the critical dimen­sion of the footing is the width of the footing bottom measured perpendicular to the wall face.

In most situations the wall footing is used as a platform upon which the wall is constructed. Thus a minimum width for the footing is determined by the wall thick­ness, the footing usually being made wider than the wall. With a concrete wall this additional width is used in order to support the wall forms while the concrete is poured. For masonry walls this added width assures an adequate base for the mortar bed for the first layer of the masonry units.

With relatively lightly loaded walls the minimum width required for platform depends on the allowable bearing stress on the soil. In this case, the short projec­tion of the footing from the wall face will produce relatively transverse bending and shear stresses, permitting a minimum thickness for the footing and no transverse reinforcing. Most designers prefer, however, to provide some continuous reinforcing in the long direction of the footing, even when none is used in the transverse direction.

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As the wall load increases the increased width of the footing required for the control of soil stress eventually produces significant trans­verse bending and shear in the footing. At some point this determines the required thickness for the footing and for required reinforcing in the transverse direction.

When the building has no basement and the floor consists of a concrete slab placed directly on the ground, these footings are sometimes poured monolithically with the floor slab.

Notes:

bearing stress напряжение смятия mortar bed растворная постель projection n. выступ