Unit 13. Line and staff positions Active vocabulary

relationship- (взаимо)отношения, связь

to hold a position- занимать (держать) позицию

an organizational structure-организационная структура

a staff departments-штат (отдел) сотрудников

а level-уровень

a sales manager-менеджер по продажам

сredit-кредит

аdvertising-реклама

TEXT

In business, organizational structure means the relationship between positions and people who hold the positions. Organizational structure is very important; it provides an efficient work system as well as a system of communication.

Historically, line structure is the oldest type of organizational structure. The main idea of it is direct vertical relationships between the positions and tasks of each level, and the positions and tasks above and below each level. For example, a sales manager may be in a line position between a vice president of marketing and a salesman. A vice-president of marketing has direct authority over a sales manager. A sales manager in his turn has direct authority over a salesman. This chain of command simplifies the process of giving and taking orders.

When a business grows in size and becomes more complex, there is a need for specialists. In such case administrators may organize staff departments and add staff specialists to do specific work. These people are usually busy with service, they are not tied in with the company product. The activities of the staff departments include accounting, personnel, credit and advertising. Generally they do not give orders to other departments.

Exercise 1. Questions on the text:

1. What does the organizational structure mean ?

2. What does the organizational structure provide?

3. What is the oldest type of organizational structure?

4. In what position is a sales manager in relation to a vice-president of marketing and a salesman?

5. What is the difference between line and staff departments?

6. Why is an advertising department or a credit department considered staff department rather than line department?

Exercise 2.Read the dialogue:

Customer: Could I change dollars into rubies, please?

Cashier: Certainly, sir. I shall just check the exchange rates. How much would you like to change?

Customer: One thousand dollars. And what is the rate of exchange today? Cashier: One dollar to 31 rubles.

Customer: OK. Change one thousand dollars, please. Here is the money.

Cashier: Thank you. May I have your passport for a moment, please.

Customer: Here it is. Thank you very much.

Cashier: Welcome again.

Exercise 3. Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence:

1. Organizational structure shows ... between each position and positions above and below.

2. A sales manager has direct ... over a salesman.

3. As a rule he usually does not give ... to other departments

4. When the business gets more ... there is a need for staff departments.

5. The ... of staff department is to do different services.

6. My friend works in a ..., he is responsible for the company product.

7. They ought to talk about the functions of ...

8. A ... ought to make careful decisions.

9. An executive ought to... .

10. A vice- president decides on ....

11. The board of directors ought to plan ....

(authority, hiring, firing, Vacation, hours, complex, an executive, task, orders, to be competent, a line department, a staff department manager, relationship).

Exercise 4. Give Russian equivalents to the following words:

positions

communication

below each level

above each level

a sales manager

to simplify

in his turn

advertising

Exercise 5. Find the word

Across:

2) organizational ___________ is very important

5) tasks of each __________

8) the ____________ of giving orders

9) is the oldest ______________

10) has direct ____________ over a sales manager

Down:

1) as ___________ as

3) the _______________ between positions and people

4) a system of _____________________

6) do not give orders to __________ departments

7) a vice _____________ of marketing

												1
				2		3		4
		5
	6
											7
8
								9
				10

Exercise 6. Make all types of questions to sentences:

1) A vice-president of marketing has direct authority over a sales manager.

2) A sales manager has direct authority over a salesman.

3) These people are usually busy with service.

4) The activities of the staff departments include accounting, personnel, credit and advertising.

Exercise 7. Translate in Russian:

1. Не was said to be one of the most promising nuclear physicists.

2. He is said to be a good translator.

3. Roberta was known to be an honest and hard-working girl.

4. Clyde was expected to arrive at the week-end.

5. Becky and Tom were supposed to have stayed at the widow Douglas.

6. The number of the unemployed is reported to be increasing with every year.

7. Many new textbooks are expected to be published soon.

8. The Moscow Underground is said to be the finest in the world.

9. Chernyshevsky is known to have spoken several foreign languages.

10. A hare is known to run very fast.

11. The man was seen to take off his coat.

12. The diamond content of the mines in Western Yakutia is said to be in no way inferior to that of the world-famous South African mines.

13. That power station is known to be situated on the Angara River.

14. These devices are considered to be very effective.

15. Many books are known to be published in our country every year.

16. You are supposed to graduate in four years.

17. Radium is said to be very radioactive.

18. This device was known to have been designed in that laboratory.

19. His invention is considered to be of great importance.

20. The sun is known to represent a mass of compressed gases.

Exercise 8. Translate into Russian, pay attention to word combinations «to be likely to», «to be sure to»

1. Mr. White is sure to be back soon.

2. These two young people are sure to be very good friends.

3. You are sure to be there tomorrow night, aren't you?

4. We most of us want a good many things that we are not likely to get.

5. He is sure to tell me all about this even if I don't ask him.

6. When Sondra said that they were sure to meet again, she saw Clyde's face suddenly brighten.

7. If we go on arguing, we are sure to quarrel.

8. They are sure to acknowledge your talent.

9. He is sure to give us some useful information.

10. The article is likely to appear in the next issue of the journal.

Exercise 9. Paraphrase the sentences, using the Complex Subject

E.g. We heard that a car stopped outside the door, A car was heard to stop outside the door. It is believed that the poem was written by Byron. The poem is believed to have been written by Byron.

1. We know Bernard Shaw to have been a very witty man.

2. People consider the climate there to be very healthful.

3. It was announced that the Chinese dancers were arriving next week.

4. It is expected that the performance will be a success.

5. It is said that the book is popular with both old and young.

6. It is believed that the poem was written by an unknown soldier.

7. It is supposed that the playwright is working at a new comedy.

8. It is reported that the flood has caused much damage to the crops.

9. It was supposed that the crops would be rich that year.

10. It has been found that this mineral water is very good for the liver.

11. Scientists consider that electricity exists throughout space.

12. It is said that the weather in Europe was exceedingly hot last summer.

13. It is said that this man was very handsome in his youth.

14. It was reported that five ships were missing after the battle.

Exercise 10. Translate into Russian, pay attention to the Complex Subject

1. Irving turned out to be a long, pale-faced fellow.

2. His office turned out to be in one of the back streets.

3. He appeared to be an ideal man.

4. She doesn't seem to want to do anything I suggest.

5. He turned out to have no feeling whatever for his nephew.

6. This appeared to amuse the policeman.

7. You can easily get in through the window if the door happens to be locked.

8. The peasants did not seem to see her.

9. The Gadfly seemed to have taken a dislike to Signora Grassini from the time of their first meeting.

10. You don't seem to have done any great thing to yourself by going away.

11. «Jim», he said at last, in a voice that did not seem to belong to him.

12. Money just doesn't happen to interest me.

13. In the middle of the lecture Dr. Sommerville happened to pause and look out of the window.

14. From the very first men. turn of Long John, I was afraid that he might turn out to be the very one-legged sailor whom I had watched for so long at the inn.

15. Clyde seemed to have been thinking of no one else but Sondra since their last meeting.

16. She appeared to be an excellent actress.

17. One day a Hare happened to moot a Tortoise.

18. The new methods of work appear to be very effective.

19. The Tortoise seemed to be moving very slowly.

20. The Hare turned out to be the loser of the race.

Exercise 11. Translate into Russian, using the Complex Subject:

1. Известно, что марсианские каналы были открыты в 1877 году.

2. Предполагают, что заседание закончится в десять часов.

3. Полагают, что они знают об этом больше, чем хотят показать.

4. Джим оказался храбрым мальчиком.

5. Джон случайно встретил Джейн по дороге домой.

6. Говорят, что он работает над своим изобретением уже несколько лет.

7. Говорят, что эта статья переведена на все языки мира.

8. Вы, кажется, много читали до поступления в университет.

9. Как известно, Жуковский был прекрасным педагогом и лектором.

10. Никак не ожидали, что холодная погода наступит так рано.

11. Оказалось, что мы уже когда-то встречались.

12. Вы, кажется, устали.

13. Условия работы оказались более трудными, чем предполагалось.

14. Вы случайно не знаете этого человека?

15. Книга, которую вы мне дали, оказалась скучной.

16. Новые автобусы оказались очень удобными.

17. Из трех сестер Бронте Шарлотта считается наиболее талантливой.

18. Как известно, английская писательница Войнич жила в течение нескольких лет в Петербурге и изучала русскую литературу. Считают, что русская литература оказала влияние на ее творчество.

19. Ваш приятель, кажется, очень интересуется древней историей.

20. Известно, что римляне построили на Британских островах хорошие дороги.

21. Полагают, что поэма «Беовульф» была написана в VIII веке.

22. Вальтер Скотт считается создателем исторического романа.

23. Сообщают, что экспедиция достигла места назначения.

24. Я случайно знаю номер его телефона.

25. Он оказался хорошим спортсменом.

26. Он, кажется, пишет новую статью: кажется, он работает над ней уже две недели.

27. Я случайно встретил его в Москве.

28. Говорят, что это здание было построено в XVII веке.

Exercise 12. Paraphrase the sentences, using the Complex Subject:

E.g. It appeared that they had lost the way. They appeared to have lost the way.

1. It seems they know all about it.

2. It seems they have heard all about it.

3. It seemed that the discussion was coming to an end.

4. It seems that you don't approve of the idea.

5. It seemed that the house had not been lived in for a long time.

6. It appeared that he was losing patience.

7. It appeared that he had not heard what had been said-

8. It happened that I was present at the opening session.

9. It so happened that I overheard their conversation.

10. It turned out that my prediction was correct.

Exercise 13. Add the sentences using the Complex Subject:

E.g. Не was said to work a lot.

1) ...was said to...,

2) ...was seen to...,

3) ...was heard to...,

4) ...was supposed to...,

5) ...was believed to...,

6) ...was expected to...

7) ...was reported to...

8) ...was considered to..

9) ...was thought to...

10) ...was found to...

Exercise 14. Paraphrase the sentences, using the Complex Subject:

1) Somebody has told me that Jack is in town.

• Jack ...

2) It is thought that life on Earth was brought from space.

• Life…

3) Many people think that Stevenson wrote more poems than we know of.

• Stevenson…

4) Everybody believed that somebody had prompted Jack what shares to buy.

• Jack…

5) People suppose that crises are a regular display of economics.

• Crises …

6) It is said that Peter used to be a talented journalist.

• Peter …

7) Some people suppose that this derelict land was a bustling town in the past.

• This derelict land…

8) They thought that Steve was the person who was guilty.

• Steve …

9) Everyone firmly believes that Manchester United is the strongest team.

• Manchester United …

10) People suppose that there is a huge amount of natural resources in the ocean floor.

• Ocean floor …