4. Translate from English into Ukrainian:

   1. Science as a collective institution aims to produce more and more accurate natural explanations of how the natural world works, what its components are, and how the world got to be the way it is now. 2. Classically, science's main goal has been building knowledge and understanding, regardless of its potential applications — for example, investigating the chemical reactions that an organic compound undergoes in order to learn about its structure. 3. However, increasingly, scientific research is undertaken with the explicit goal of solving a problem or developing a technology, and along the path to that goal, new knowledge and explanations are constructed. 4. If an explanation is equally compatible with all possible observations, then it is not testable and hence, not within the reach of science. 5. Ultimately, scientific ideas must not only be testable, but must actually be tested — preferably with many different lines of evidence by many different people. 6. In science, ideas that are not supported by evidence are ultimately rejected. 7. The progress of science depends on interactions within the scientific community — that is, the community of people and organizations that generate scientific ideas, test those ideas, publish scientific journals, organize conferences, train scientists, distribute research funds, etc. 8. Much scientific research is collaborative, with different people bringing their specialized knowledge to bear on different aspects of the problem. 9. Most typically in science, answering one question inspires deeper and more detailed questions for further research. 10. Science helps us describe how the world is, but it cannot make any judgments about whether that state of affairs is right, wrong, good, or bad.

5. Translate from Ukrainian into English:

1.Наука виникла із людських зусиль зрозуміти оточуючий світ і вижити в ньому. 2. Основою науки є віра в те, що всі природні події мають природні причини. 3. Задачею науки є формулювання на основі експериментальних фактів принципів і теорій, які розширюють межі наших знань. 4. Всі ми знаємо, що наука відіграє важливу роль в тому суспільстві, в якому ми живемо. 5. Дуже важливо вміти відрізняти наукові і псевдонаукові факти, якими насичене наше сьогодення.

Text 1.Who is the greatest scientist in the world?

Answer:

Aryabhatta

Aryabhata was the first in the line of great mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy. His most famous works are the Aryabhatiya (499 CE, when he was 23 years old) and the Arya-siddhanta. The mathematical part of the Aryabhatiya covers arithmetic, algebra, plane trigonometry, and spherical trigonometry. It also contains continued fractions, quadratic equations, sums-of-power series, and atable of sines. He gives 0 & Pie, the most valuable elements of science. Aryabhata appears to have believed that the earth rotates about its axis.Aryabhata states that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight. Instead of the prevailing cosmogony in which eclipses were caused by pseudo-planetary nodes Rahu and Ketu, he explains eclipses in terms of shadows cast by and falling on Earth. Thus, the lunar eclipse occurs when the moon enters into the Earth's shadow (verse gola.37). He discusses at length the size and extent of the Earth's shadow (verses gola.38-48) and then provides the computation and the size of the eclipsed part during an eclipse. Later Indian astronomers improved on the calculations, but Aryabhata's methods provided the core.  

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein, because of his revolutionary work on special and general relativity. There are scientists trying to prove his special and general relativity theories are wrong. They've shown a tiny bit may be incorrect. Therefore in a few years, there may be another theory.