- •Contents
- •I. The study of languages and literature
- •II. English and american literature
- •III. Vocabulary Предисловие
- •Структура и содержание пособия
- •Методические указания студентам
- •Работа над текстом
- •Как пользоваться словарем
- •Основные трудности при переводе английского текста на русский язык
- •Каковы основные типы смысловых соответствий между словами английского и русского языков?
- •Exercises
- •Text 2. Descriptive, historical and comparative linguistics
- •Text 3. Applied linguistics
- •Text 4. Why we study foreign languages
- •Text 5 aspects of language
- •Text 6 parts of speech
- •Text 7 russian language
- •Text 8 languages of russia
- •Text 9 about the english language
- •Text 10 strong language
- •Dialogue I
- •Is that a threat or a promise darling? Look, I’m off, I haven’t got all day.
- •Dialogue II
- •I wonder if you’d be kind enough to get me a size 18 in this …if it’s not too much trouble, that is.
- •18? We don’t do extra-large, lug. Sorry. You want the outsize department.
- •Text 11 types and genres of literature
- •Do we really need poetry?
- •Reading detective stories in bed
- •Books in your life
- •Writing practice: Short story
- •Complete the story using the appropriate form of the verbs in brackets.
- •Look at the checklist below and find examples of these features in the story:
- •Connect the following sentences with the sequencing words in brackets. Make any changes necessary.
- •Rewrite these sentences to make them more vivid and interesting foe the reader. Replace the underlined words with words from the box. Make any changes necessary.
- •Text 12 philologist
- •A good teacher:
- •Is a responsible and hard-working person
- •Is a well-educated man with a broad outlook and deep knowledge of the subject
- •English and american literature
- •2. The Middle Ages
- •Geoffrey Chaucer
- •Chaucer's Works
- •3. The Renaissance
- •Renaissance Poetry
- •4. William Shakespeare
- •The Comedies
- •The Histories
- •The Tragedies
- •The Late Romances
- •The Poems
- •The Sonnets
- •From Classical to Romantic
- •The Reading Public
- •Poetry and Drama
- •Daniel Defoe
- •New Ideas
- •6. The Age of the Romantics
- •The Writer and Reading Public
- •Romantic Poetry
- •The Imagination
- •Individual Thought and Feeling
- •The Irrational
- •Childhood
- •The Exotic
- •7. The Victorian Age
- •The Novel
- •Oscar Fingal o'Flahertie Wills Wilde
- •Life and Works
- •Poetry of the First World War
- •Drama (1900-1939)
- •George Bernard Shaw
- •Life and works
- •Stream of Consciousness
- •9. Historical Background of American literature.
- •Benjamin Franklin
- •10. Romanticism in America
- •11. Critical Realism
- •Mark Twain (1835-1910)
- •О. Henry
- •Jack London
- •Theodore Dreiser
- •Vocabulary
Text 2. Descriptive, historical and comparative linguistics
Task 1: read the text and translate it into Russian.
General linguistics includes a number of related subjects involved in the study of language. The most important subdivisions of the subject are descriptive linguistics, historical linguistics and comparative linguistics.
Descriptive linguistics, as its title suggests, is concerned with the description and analysis of the ways in which a language operates and is used by a given set of speakers at a given time (tin-present or the past). The descriptive study of a language is concerned exclusively with that language at the period involved and not with what have preceded it or may follow it. Nor is it concerned with the description of other languages at the same time.
Historical linguistics is the study of the development и languages in the course of time, of the ways in which language change from period to period and of the causes and results of such changes, both outside the languages and within them. The term-synchronic and diachronic are used here to distinguish linguists statements describing at a given time and statements relating to the changes that take place in language during the passage of years.
Comparative linguistics is concerned with comparing two or more different languages from one or more points of view with the theory and techniques applicable to such comparisons. Comparative linguistics is principally divided into comparison based on historical relationship among particular languages, and comparison based on resemblances of features between different languages without any historical considerations being involved.
Task 2: answer the questions:
1. What are the most important subdivisions of general linguistics?
2. What is descriptive linguistics concerned with?
3. What can you say about historical linguistics?
4. What do the terms synchronic and diachronic mean?
5. What is comparative linguistics and what is it divided into?
Text 3. Applied linguistics
Task: read the text, get ready to render its contents in Russian.
The relevance of linguistics to present-day society is most obvious in education. It is important in all aspects of language learning (phonetics, grammar, lexicology, semantics) and relevant to problems of language use in schools, for example in helping with bilingual children and in the teaching of literacy.
Linguistics also has applications in many other areas of life. One important area is now computer technology, especially in the designing of instruments which can produce, or respond to language. Linguistics has been applied in legal matters, such as in the identification of voices, and for many years it has been used by missionaries and educators overseas to help to design writing systems for remote languages that have not previously been written down.
The careers open to graduates in linguistics depend partly on the other subjects that they study in combination with linguistics. They include translation, interpreting and teaching: some of the graduates of British Universities can find employment in firms and government departments which conduct overseas business; others may take further training and employment in subjects like speech therapy, clinical psychology and teaching English overseas.