VI. Складіть англо-українські пари словосполучень, еквівалентних за значенням.

1. urban motorway; 2. bituminous surfacing; 3. weight batching; 4 trial mix; 5. tensile stress; 6. flexural stress; 7. compressive stress.

1. бітумне покриття; 2. пробний заміс; 3.напруження при вигині;

4. міська автодорога; 5. підбір складу бетону за вагою складових;

6. напруження при стисненні; 7. розтягуюче напруження.

STRESS CONSIDERATIONS IN CONCRETE SLAB

Stresses in concrete pavements stem from a variety of sources, of which the applied wheel loads, changes in the temperature and moisture content of the concrete, and the volumetric changes in the foundations soil are by far the most important. These factors tend to result in deformations of the concrete slab which cause tensile, compressive and flexural stresses of varying magnitude to be developed. Analysis of these stresses presents a most complex problem, and in general it can be said that they cannot be truly evaluated at this time. For this reason it is not usual practice in Britain to carry out a theoretical stress analysis prior to designing a concrete pavement. Instead - as discussed later - it is considered better to rely on the very considerable experience, which has accumulated over many years of concrete road construction. Nevertheless, before undertaking to make use of these practical methods of pavement design, the highway engineer should have a firm understanding of these stresses and how they are produced.

Завдання I. Перекладіть речення, які містять Participle II.

Завдання II. Дайте оцінку основним причинам виникнення напруження.

WHEEL LOAD STRESSES

When a vehicle travels over a concrete carriageway it obviously causes pavement stresses which vary with the position of the wheels at any given time. In theory therefore the stresses in each slab should be analyzed when the wheel loads are at all points on the slab, and the most severe stresses then evaluated and used for design purposes. In this respect it should be noted that, with the characteristics of concrete being what they are, a rigid pavement will tail under load when the load or bending moment is so great that the developed flexural stress exceeds the modulus of rupture of the concrete.

The most commonly used methods of theoretical (semi-theoretical) analysis are based on that derived by H.M. Westergaard.

In his original analysis, Westergaard assumed that the concrete slab acted as a homogeneous, isotropic, elastic solid which was in equilibrium, that the reactions of the supporting soil were vertical only and proportional to the deflections of the slab, and that the thickness of the slab was uniform. In his analysis Westergaard examined three critical conditions of loading. As is illustrated in Fig.3.1 these are at the corners, edges and interior of the slab. Of these the stresses produced at the corners are by far the most severe and hence most important.

Завдання I. Знайдіть речення, які містять Participle I.

Lesson 8

Exercises

I. Перекладіть групи слів одного кореня українською.

to resist ~ resistance - resistless; to derive - derivable - derivation - derivative; to differ - difference - different - differential;

to produce - producer - producible; possibility - possible - possibly;

to calculate - calculable - calculated - calculating - calculation -calculator.

II. Перекладіть слова, які одержані шляхом кореневого утворення -конверсії.

hand - to hand, curl - to curl, surface - to surface, cause - to cause, approach - to approach, shift - to shift, help - to help, rest -to rest, top - to top, attempt - to attempt, line - to line, account -to account.

III. Сформуйте пари антонімів.

A. 1. warm; 2. increase; 3. thick; 4. rise; 5. upwards; 6. top; 7. subtractive.

В. 1. thin; 2. downwards; 3. bottom; 4. decrease; 5. cool; 6. lower; 7. additive.

IV. Дайте українські еквіваленти наступних сполучень іменників.

thickness design, temperature conditions, stress problem, load-transfer device, concrete road slab.