1.11.2 Look through the text and find the English equivalents for the following Russian phrases and word-combinations:

детерминистически механистическое понимание; полностью обратимые законы; полное сохранение энергии; работа, посвященная тепловому потоку; единица измерения скорости частиц; устанвливая статистическую вероятность; чрезвычайно прочное теоретическое обоснование; передача электоромагнитных волн.

1.12 Revision texts 1.9 - 1.11

1.12.1 Match words and word-combinations with their translation:

calorimeter	электромагнитная индукция
application	флогистон
Voltaic Pile	аналитическая аппроксимация (округление, приближение)
rational mechanics	течение, поток
weightless	термодинамика
Leyden Jar	определение природы света, как состоящего из частиц
magnetism	калориметр
fluid dynamics	сложные вычисления
entropy	статическое электричество
to elaborate upon	применение
chemical affiliation	трактовка
oxygen	призма
analytical approximation	исходная формулировка
phlogiston	гидродинамика
flow	лейденская банка
electromagnetic induction	взаимозаменяемость
thermodynamics	полное сохранение энергии
positive charge	химия
prism	невесомый
latent heat	рациональная механика
complex calculations	отрицательный заряд
particulate interpretation of light	кислород
aluminiferous ether	избыток, излишек
spectrum of color	физиология
interchangeability	гальваническая батарея
initial formulation	светоносный, люминесцентный эфир
negative charge	химическое присоединение
tractability	скрытая, латентная теплота
chemistry	энтропия
chemical substance	детально разрабатывать, обдумывать
dissipation of energy	положительный заряд
static electricity	спектр цвета
physiology	рассеивание энергии
excess	химическое вещество
energy overall conservation	магнетизм

1.12.2 Find the sentences with these words and word-combinations in texts 1.9 - 1.11 and translate them.

1.12.3 Prepare the words and word-combinations for a dictation.

1.13 Text The Emergence of a New Physics circa 1900

1.13.1 Read the text, translate it and answer the questions: What important discovery was made before the beginning of the 20^th century? On what property of matter was physical research focused in 30s of the 20^th century? Who introduced the term “radioactivity”? What theories did Albert Einstein and other physicists introduce?

Figure 9 - Marie Sklodowska Curie (1867-1934)

The triumph of Maxwell’s theories was undermined by inadequacies that had already begun to appear. The Michelson-Morley experiment failed to detect a shift in the speed of light, which would have been expected as the earth moved at different angles with respect to the ether. The possibility explored by Hendrik Lorentz, that the ether could compress matter, thereby rendering it undetectable, presented problems of its own as a compressed electron (detected in 1897 by British experimentalist J. J. Thomson) would prove unstable. Meanwhile, other experimenters began to detect unexpected forms of radiation: Wilhelm Röntgen caused a sensation with his discovery of x-rays in 1895; in 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered that certain kinds of matter emit radiation on their own account. Marie and Pierre Curie coined the term “radioactivity” to describe this property of matter, and isolated the radioactive elements radium and polonium.

Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy identified two of Becquerel’s forms of radiation with electrons and the element helium. In 1911 Rutherford established that the bulk of mass in atoms are concentrated in positively-charged nuclei with orbiting electrons, which was a theoretically unstable configuration. Studies of radiation and radioactive decay continued to be a preeminent focus for physical and chemical research through the 1930s, when the discovery of nuclear fission opened the way to the practical exploitation of what came to be called “atomic” energy.

Figure 10 - Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

Radical new physical theories also began to emerge in this same period. In 1905 Albert Einstein, then a Bern patent clerk, argued that the speed of light was a constant in all inertial reference frames and that electromagnetic laws should remain valid independent of reference frame—assertions which rendered the ether “superfluous” to physical theory, and that held that observations of time and length varied relative to how the observer was moving with respect to the object being measured (what came to be called the “special theory of relativity”). It also followed that mass and energy were interchangeable quantities according to the equation E=mc². In another paper published the same year, Einstein asserted that electromagnetic radiation was transmitted in discrete quantities (“quanta”), according to a constant that the theoretical physicist Max Planck had posited in 1900 to arrive at an accurate theory for the distribution of blackbody radiation—an assumption that explained the strange properties of the photoelectric effect. The Danish physicist Niels Bohr used this same constant in 1913 to explain the stability of Rutherford’s atom as well as the frequencies of light emitted by hydrogen gas [10, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_physics].

1.13.2 Match Russian word-combinations with their English variants:

открытие рентгеновских лучей	arrive at an accurate theory
ядерное деление	speed of light
дискретная величина	reference frame
прийти к точной теории	with respect to
система отсчета	discovery of x-rays
скорость света	nuclear fission
по отношению к	discrete quantity