- •Introductory lecture The History of the English language-Subject and the aims of the History of the English language.
- •Lecture 1 The Origin of the English Language
- •The Anglo-Saxon Conquest
- •Formation of Germanic States in Britain
- •The Writing and the Written monuments of oe
- •The Three Periods in the History of the English Language
- •Phonetic Structure of the oe Vowels
- •The Ablaut (Gradation)
- •Mutation (umlaut)
- •Monophtongs
- •Diphtongs
- •Lengthening of vowels
- •Palatalization
- •Palatalization of consonants
- •Other changes and loss of consonants
- •Lecture4 The Grammar Structure of Old English
- •Morphology. Nouns
- •The Strong Declension of Nouns
- •The weak declension of nouns
- •A separate group of nouns.
- •Old English Adjectives
- •Old English Pronouns
- •Lecture5 The Old English Verb
- •Infinitive Past Past Second
- •Indef. Past Indef. Sing. Past Indef. Plural Past Participle
- •The conjugation of verbs
- •Strong verbs
- •Preterite - present verbs
- •Lecture6 old english syntax
- •The meaning of case forms
- •The usage of pronouns
- •Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Indicative Subjunctive
- •The category of mood in oe
- •Lecture 7 Historical change The reason for studying historical change
- •The importance of text analysis
- •The Middle English Period
- •Lexical influence of the French language
- •The formation of the English national language
- •Lecture 8 Phonetic changes in me
- •Consonant changes
- •Spelling changes in the period after the Norman Conquest
- •General view of the me sound system
- •Lecture 9 Middle English Morphology
- •Middle English Pronouns
- •The demonstrative pronouns
- •Middle English Verbs
- •Lecture 10 Middle English Syntax
- •Lecture 11 The Modern English Period The formation of the English national language
- •Phonetic changes. Vowels.
- •Consonants
- •Voicing and Voiceless Fricatives.
- •Loss of Consonants in Clusters.
- •Loss of consonants in initial clusters
- •Lecture 12 Grammatical changes.
- •Morphology. The Substantive.
- •Interrogative
- •Impersonal and Personal Constructions.
Old English Pronouns
In OE there were personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative, interrogative, definite, indefinite, negative and relative. Personal pronouns in OE had the singular, the dual and the plural forms, 4 cases and the third person singular-three genders.
Singular
1 person 2 person 3 person
Masc. Fem. Neut.
N ic ƥū hē hēo hit
G min ƥin his hire his
D mē ƥē him hire him
A mē ƥē, ƥec hine hīe hit
Dual: Plural:
1 person 2 person 1 person 2 person 3 person
N wit 3it wē 3ē hīē, hī, hēo
G unce incer ūre ēower hiera, hyra, hyra,
hiora, heora
D unc inc ūs ēow him
A unc inc ūs ēow hīe, hī, hȳ, hēo
The demonstrative pronouns had very many forms. There existed two demonstrative pronouns sē with the meaning «тот » (that), ƥes - with the meaning «этот » (this). All of them were declined, some of them having 5 case forms:
masculine neuter feminine plural
N ƥes ƥis ƥeos ƥas
G ƥisses ƥisses ƥisse ƥissa
D ƥissum ƥissum ƥisse ƥissum, peossum
A ƥisne, ƥysne ƥis ƥas ƥas
Inst. ƥȳs, ƥis ƥȳs, ƥis - -
The interrogative pronouns: hwā (who?), hwæt (what?) have only singular forms
N hwā hwæt
G hwæs hwæs
D hwæm hwǣm
A hwone hwæt
Ins. - hwȳ, hwī
The interrogative pronouns hwilc ‘which?’ is declined as a strong adjective:
Singular Plural
Masculine Neuter Feminine Masculine Neuter Feminine
N hwilc hwilc hwilcu hwilce hwilcu hwilca
G hwilces hwilces wilcre hwilcra hwilcra hwilcra
D hwilcum hwilcum hwilcre hwilcum hwilcum hwilcum
A hwilcne hwilc hwilce hwilce hwilcu hwilca
In hwilce hwilce ----