Пояснения к тексту

either ... or - или ... или

cultivated plants - культурные растения

in turn - в (свою) очередь у

Words and word combination to be learnt:

consume, v	потреблять
domestic animals	домашние животные
fertility, n	плодородие
forage, n	фураж, корм
grains (pl.)	зерновые
heat, n	тепло
light, n	свет
obtain, n	получать
organic, a	органическое вещество
preservation, n	сохранение
require, v	требовать
silk, n	шелк
supply, n	снабжение
supply, v	снабжать
to vary, v	варьировать, изменяться
wool, n	шерсть

Exercises

1. Give the English equivalents for:

Источник для производства материалов; пища; одежда; рост и развитие культурных растений; плодородие почвы; зерновые; получать; домашние животные; потреблять; снабжать нас молоком, мясом, яйцами; для производства одежды; содержать органическое вещество; минеральное вещество; благоприятные почвенные и климатические условия; регулировать запас воды и органического вещества; правильное содержание и хранение.

2. Give the Russian equivalents for:

To depend directly or indirectly; the only source for the production of materials; cultivated plants; to depend on soil fertility; obtained by man directly from the soil; to consume grain and forage; for the manufacture of clothing, to vary; to be rich in all kinds of food; to contain some organic matter; the remains of the plants; plant food, heat and air; proper management and preservation.

3. Find words in the text opposite in meaning to the following:

Independent, directly, poor, abnormal growth, unfavourable soil and climate conditions, inorganic.

4. Use the required tenses instead of the Infinitives in brackets and translate

the sentences into Russian.

1. Food for people (to supply) by agriculture.

2. Man (to obtain) more food by growing better crop varieties.

3. The students (to take) the examination in physics two days earlier than it had been planned.

4. Man (to begin) to change plants about 10.000 years ago.

5. The second–year students (to study) botany, biology, but they (not to study) agronomy and forestry.

6. The work (to finish) tomorrow.

7. The students (to plant) trees in the park at the time.

8. I (to read) a newspaper when my friend came to me.

9. They already (to build) new cottages.

10. The pupils (to translate) the text before the bell rang.

11. Yesterday we (to discuss) the new varieties of wheat which we (to buy) some days before.

Lesson 4

Classification of field crops

The aim of field crops classification is to group them either according to their growth habit or according to their use, i.e. there is biological and agronomical classification.

According to the first classification the crops are classified as annuals, biennials and perennials.

If you took a text-book of agronomy, you would find there following classification of field crops based on their use.

Cereal or Grain Crops. If an agronomist was asked to define a cereal, he would say that it is a grass grown for its edible grain. Corn, wheat, barley, oats, rice and rye are to be mentioned as the main cereals raised by man.

Large-Seeded Legumes. The principal legumes grown for seeds are field peas, field beans and soybeans. Sometimes the main object in growing legumes is to improve soil fertility, for they are able to fix free nitrogen out of the air through the bacteria living on their roots.

Root Crops. Unlike cereals, root crops as beets, for instance, are grown because the food value of their roots. They are biennials. The food collected by them during the first year is stored up in their roots. If they had not such an ability, they could not live and produce seeds the second year.

Forage Crops. If you look for a definition of a forage crop, you will find that it is the crop grown because of its stern sand leaves that are to be used in feeding of livestock. Forage crops include all grasses cut for hay, legumes cut for forage, sorghum and corn fodder.

Tubers. A tuber is a thickened underground stem. The most important tuber cultivated throughout the world is potato. We should make a great mistake if we called it a root crop.

Fiber Crops. Several plans are grown because of their fiber which is used in making of textiles, ropes and similar materials. The principal fiber crops are cotton, flax, and hemp.

Crops for Special Farm Uses. A special purpose crop may be any of the other types-grown for a specific purpose. For instance, crops like legumes are grown to be plowed under for soil improvement are called green manure crops.

Пояснения к тексту:

according to	согласно
growth habit	особенности, специфика роста
cereals cereal crops grains grain crops	злаки злаковые культуры зерновые
to look for	искать, поискать
corn fodder	кукуруза на силос и зеленый корм
throughout the world	во всем мире
habit of life	образ жизни; зд. биология растения

Words and word combinations to be learnt:

annual, n	однолетнее растение, однолетник
bacterium (pl.bacteria), n	бактерия
barley, n	ячмень
biennial, n	двулетнее растение, многолетник
cereals	хлебные злаки
corn, n	зд кукуруза, маис
cotton, n	хлопок
cultivate, v	обрабатывать, культивировать, возделывать, выращивать (растения)
define, v	определять
edible, a	годный в пищу, съедобный
fiber crop	волокнистая текстильные
field crop	полевая культура
flax, n	лён
food value	питательная (пищевая ) ценность
forage crop	кормовая культура; урожай пастбищных трав
green manure crop	культура на зеленое удобрение, сидеральная культура, сидерат
hemp, n	конопля
improve, v	улучшать
large-seeded legumes	крупносемянные бобовые
livestock, n	скот; поголовье скота
nitrogen, n	азот
oats, n	овес
perennial, n	многолетнее растение, многолетник
plow under, v	запахивать
rice, n	рис
root crop	корнеплодная культура
rye, n	рожь
soil fertility	плодородие почвы
soil improvement	мелиорация, окультуривание почвы
sorghum, n	сорго
stem, n	стебель
tuber, n	клубень
wheat, n	пшеница