
- •Text translation.
- •Key terms – matching and translation.
- •Vocabulary practice: switching.
- •Translation from page.
- •Monopoly and Technical Change
- •Imperfect competition and strategic behavior
- •Text translation.
- •Key terms – matching and translation.
- •Vocabulary practice: switching.
- •Translation from page.
- •Game theory
- •Text translation.
- •Key terms – matching and translation.
- •Vocabulary practice: switching.
- •Translation from page.
- •Mergers and market power
- •Major Merger Movements
- •Text translation.
- •Key terms – matching and translation.
- •Vocabulary practice: switching.
- •Translation from page.
- •Human capital
- •Imperfect competition in labor markets
- •Text translation.
- •Key terms – matching and translation.
- •3 Vocabulary practice: switching.
- •Translation from page.
- •Are Exploitation and Discrimination Caused by Capitalistic Greed?
- •Text translation.
- •Key terms – matching and translation.
- •Vocabulary practice: switching.
- •Translation from page.
- •Interest
- •Interest Rates
- •Income distribution and poverty
- •Text translation.
- •Key terms – matching and translation.
- •Vocabulary practice: switching.
- •Translation from page.
- •Poverty: a relative concept
- •Text translation.
- •2 Key terms – matching and translation.
- •3 Vocabulary practice: switching.
- •Translation from page.
- •Public Goods
2 Key terms – matching and translation.
Read aloud the key term and its definition so that they make up a single sentence. (Remember about the agreement between the subject and the predicate!). Translate the sentences you have arrived at from English into Russian.
Set I
1 |
negative externality |
a Taxes that do not cause substitution effects. |
2 |
free-rider problem |
b Arises when people can consume a public good at no charge. |
3 |
positive externality |
c Too little of the product is produced. |
4 |
nonrival |
d Everyone can enjoy specific goods simultaneously. |
5 |
nonexclusion |
e When barring consumption is prohibitively expensive. |
6 |
sales taxes |
f Litter is an example. |
7 |
value added taxes (VAT) |
g. Percentage taxes on the differences between a Firm's receipts and its purchases of intermediate goods. |
8 |
neutral taxes |
h Percentage taxes on dollar sales. |
9 |
ability to pay taxation |
i The 1986 Tax Reform Act attempted to revamp this type of tax. |
10 |
income taxes |
j Taxing more as income or wealth rises. |
Set II
1 |
excise taxes |
a People with equal incomes should pay equal taxes. |
2 |
payroll taxes |
b Taxes applied only to specific goods. |
3 |
corporate income taxes |
c Characterized by nonrivalry and nonexclusion. |
4 |
vertical equity |
d Social security and unemployment compensation taxes are examples. |
5 |
excess burden |
e The difference between government receipts and taxpayer costs. |
6 |
vertical summation |
f Process by which total demands for public goods are derived. |
7 |
flat rate tax |
g An ethical criterion for ability to pay taxation. |
8 |
pure public good |
h One tax rate without exemptions or deductions. |
9 |
consumption taxes |
i Еither forward shifted to consumers or backward shifted to capital suppliers. |
10 |
horizontal equity |
j Might be like income taxation, but would allow deductions for saving or investment. |
3 Vocabulary practice: switching.
Get ready for an oral (written) translation exercise based on the economic terms in bold, as well as other relevant words and phrases from Exercises 1 and 2.
1
Third party; (не) навязывать \(не) приводить к излишнему бремени; provide a stable legal environment; возможная правительственная мера; ability-to-pay principle of taxation; быть изношенным, исчерпанным, израсходованным; bar consumption; в долгосрочный период; be borne primarily by workers; riddle with ; внешние эффекты экономической деятельности; be marred by numerous exemptions ; деградация главных\центральных городов; calculations of benefits; второй по размеру источник федеральных доходов; deny access to a good; выгоды или издержки для общества; diverge; государственное обеспечение товаров и услуг, производимых в частном секторе; embody externalities; несостоятельность рынка; excess burden of taxation; налог на дарение; free ride; налог на доход корпорации; government remedy; нерационально разместить ресурсы; hinder the efficiency of market solutions; предельная общественная выгода; impose substitution effects; отсутствие конкуренции; inequity; портить\ухудшать\повреждать\ искажать; inheritance and gift taxes; потреблять общественное благо бесплатно, не платя за него; loophole; товар, предоставляемый государством; negative externality; проблема невозможности исключить из числа пользователей ; occur under circumstances; справедливость\беспристрастность; percentage tax; стабильная правовая среда (=нормативная база); replacement for corporate income taxes; provide efficiently for public wants; чрезмерно дорого(й); public finance; экономические цели; receipts; vertical equity; tax reform act.
2
Adequate revenue; деградация\ ухудшение\ упадок\ износ; be forward-shifted to consumer; заключать в себе\\ воплощать; be riddled with loopholes; бесполезные (дорогостоящие) предметы роскоши; benefit principle of taxation; быть переложенным назад (на поставщиков ресурсов); by volume; критиковать; compaction; многочисленные освобождения от налога; disincentives for improvement; заработать (на сделке) или проиграть (потерять) от сделки; doss; издержки\расходы налогоплательщика; excise tax; налог на потребление; flat rate taxes; налог с продаж\\налог с оборота; goad; навязывать \приводить к эффекту (изменения) дохода; hinder; налог на добавленную стоимость; horizontal equity; несправедливый, пристрастный; in proportion to; общественное производство; limit economic bads; наследство; loss to a taxpayer; невозможность недопущения к пользованию благом; market solutions; правительственные доходы; neutral tax; предельная выгода; payroll tax; одновременно пользоваться благом; private calculations of benefits or costs; подоходный налог с физических лиц; property tax; справедливо перераспределять благосостояние; provision doss; справедливость\беспристрастность системы налогообложения; public wants; предельные общественные издержки; revamp; создавать отрицательные стимулы к усовершенствованию; social security taxes; tax rate without exemptions or deductions; умноженный на .