Союзы и союзные слова.

Союзы в английском языке, как и в русском, употребляются для связи членов предложений (слов и словосочетаний) в составе простого предложения и целых предложений в составе сложного предложения. Они выражают различные отношения между членами предложения и между предложениями, но не являются сами членами предложения.

Ann and Jane are great friends. – (союз and соединяет однородные подлежащие)

I can’t go with you because I’m busy. (союз because соединяет обстоятельственное придаточное предложение причины с главным)

I’ve never been here before, and I don’t think I’ve ever seen a place as lovely as this one. (союз and соединяет сочиненные предложения, а союз as…as слово lovely с группой слов this one и выражает сравнение)

Для связи придаточных предложений с главным и употребляются также союзные слова. Союзные слова – это местоимения и местоименные наречия, которые используются в качестве подчинительных союзов. Обычно в качестве союзных слов выступают относительные местоимения who, whose, what, which, that и наречия when, where, how, why. В отличие от союзов союзные слова являются членами предложения, например:

Would you mind telling me how I can get to Trafalgar Square?

( how – обстоятельство образа действия)

Do you know where he lives? (where – обстоятельство места)

I don’t see what you mean ( what – дополнение )

Союзы могут быть:

простыми (стоящими из одного корня): and, but, or, that, if, so, though и др.

производными (состоящими из корня и префикса или суффикса): because, unless и др.

сложными (состоящими из двух, реже – трех корней): however, therefore, nevertheless и др.

составными (состоящими из нескольких слов, обычно из союзов as if, as though, so that, as soon as, in order that и др.)

К составным относятся также парные(соотносительные) союзы, состоящие из двух частей, разделенных другими словами: both…and – как…так и, either…or – или…или, neither…nor – ни…ни, not only… but also – не только… но и, whether… or – или…или и др.

В зависимости от выражаемых отношений союзы делятся на сочинительные и подчинительные.

Сочинительные союзы (Coordinating Conjunctions) соединяют однородные члены предложения или сочиненные предложения.

Both Nick and Pete were there.

I’m sorry, Nick, but I must go now.

I’ve been here before, and I like the place very much.

По значению сочинительные союзы делятся на следующие группы:

1) Соединительные (Copulative): and – и, as well as – так же, both…and – как…так и, neither…nor – ни…ни, not only… but also – не только…но и.

I told him about our plan, and he agreed to it.

He was neither for nor against the proposal.

The book is either in the bookcase or on the shelf.

2) Разделительные (Disjunctive) or – или, either…or –либо…либо

Either go with us or stay here.

Do you want to go there or don’t you?

3) Противительные (Adversative): but – но, still – все же, yet – тем не менее, nevertheless – тем не менее, although/ though – хотя, while/whereas – тогда как, несмотря на, in spite of/ despite – несмотря на, however – однако.

I looked for the book everywhere, but couldn’t find it.

The weather was bad, still we decided to go.

4) Результата или следствия (of result or consequence): so- так что, итак, thus – таким образом, therefore – поэтому, that is why – поэтому, otherwise/ or else – иначе.

We have plenty of time, so there’s no need to hurry.

Подчинительные союзы (Subordinating Conjunctions) вводят придаточные предложения. К наиболее употребительным подчинительным союзам относятся:

1) Союзы условия: if – если, in case – на случай,если, unless/if not – если…не, on condition that – при условии если, providing / provided(that) – при условии если, as long as/so long as - при условии если, suppose/supposing –предположим, допустим, as if/as though – как будто;

2) Союзы причины : for – так как, as – так как, since – поскольку, because – потому что, because of – из-за, due to/ owing to – из-за, благодаря;

3) Союзы цели: so that /in order that – чтобы, для того, чтобы, so as to/in order to – для того, чтобы;

4) Союзы времени: after – после того как, before – до того как, until(till) – до тех пор пока, as – в то время как, когда, when - когда, , as soon as – как только, while – в то время как, since – с тех пор как, hardly … when – едва … как.

Jack told me that he would come at six.

I can’t go with you because I’m busy.

Let’s wait until the rain stops.

What shall we do if it rains?

Say the word as I said it.

I wonder if we can get tickets for the 5 o’clock show.

We decided to put off our outing, for it looked like raining.

Вводные предложения выполняют в предложении функцию вводного члена предложения. Они выражают отношение говорящего к высказыванию и относятся ко всему предложению в целом, а не к какому-либо отдельному члену предложения.

What time can it be, I wonder.

We’ve lost our way, I’m afraid.

Вводные предложения ставятся обычно в середине или в конце предложения и выделяются запятыми. Некоторые из них могут стоять в начале предложения.

You are not ill, I hope.

You must go there at once, I’m telling you.

You’ve come pretty late, I must say.

You are hungry, I suppose.

You know, it’s not exactly what you want.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Заполните пропуски союзами either…or, neither…nor, both…and.

1. We call this room “the hall” and use it …as a sitting-room …a living-room. 2. Chekhov is well known …in our country and abroad. 3. We saw …you…your friend at the party yesterday. 4. At the party they will…dance…listen to music. 5. You may have…tea…coffee. 6. If you go by tram you may be late for lessons. Take…the underground…a taxi. 7. …Nick…George were late for the lessons because they went by bus. 8. From the corridor you can get…to the sitting-room…to the study. 9. In the evening we…watch TV…read newspapers. 10. …Tom…Harry has much money.

Exercise 2. Заполните пропуски союзами as…as, not so…as.

1. This box is …heavy…that one. 2. The weather today is…cold…it was yesterday. 3. Is Text 10…difficult…Text 9? – No, it isn’t. Text 10 is…difficult…Text 8. 4. Have you got …many friends…I have? 5. This year you don‘t work at your English…much…you can. 6. Is it…easy to get up early in winter…it is in summer? 7. Greek buildings were beautiful … well … useful. 8. Ancient Greeks … well …ancient Egyptians knew the art of building with cut stone. 9. Those decorations are … beautiful … these. 10. This street is … wide … the next one.

Exercise 3. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа.

1. ( In case /If ) a country has no natural resources it has to rely on imports.

2. The police locked the door ( so as / so that ) no one could get in.

3. George has got a new job, ( because / that’s why ) he’s so pleased with himself.

4. ( In spite / Because ) of all our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.

5. The banks were closed and ( since / as a result ) we couldn’t get any money.

6. You won’t learn to use a computer ( if / unless) you practice.

7. (When / While ) Jenny graduates from the university she intends to work in her father’s company.

8. The staff are working at weekends ( so as / so that ) not to delay the project any further.

9. ( As / Although) this building project seems attractive, in my opinion it would be a mistake to spend so much money on it.

10. ( Even if / As if ) you read English easily it’s another cup of tea to make conversation in English.

11. ( Owing to / Since ) the increased demand for parking spaces, the company has decided to enlarge the car park.

12. I’m not happy with your work. ( Nevertheless / Despite ), I’m going to give you one last chance.

Тест

Выполните тест. Выберите правильный вариант.

1. William Sidney Porter, … is known under his pen name O. Henry, is one of the best known writers in America.

a) who b) what

2. Shakespeare is the greatest writer … England has ever known.

a) which b) whom

3. Flowers frozen in liquid air can be broken with hammer … they were made of glass.

a) as if b) so as

4. The leaves of the trees were very dark and thick, … no ray of light came through the branches.

a) not so as b) so that

5. He wrote down the number … he should forget it.

a) because b) lest

6. What have you been doing … you left our town?

a) since b) while

7. I don’t know … he will come to-night.

a) whether b) though

8. Hurry up … you will be late!

a) still b) or

9. We can use the same rotating machine … as a generator … as motor.

a) either…or b) as long as

10. He was still asleep … the snow began to fall.

a) because b) when

11. I wanted to do it … I couldn’t.

a) but b) if

12. … displacement has direction, velocity also has direction.

a) Before b) Since

13. The air is … cold now … it was in the early morning.

a) not so … as b) so… that

14. … this business is safe in my son’s hands I see no object in continuing it.

a) Since b) Until

15…. somebody asks me where you are, what shall I say?

a) Supposing b) On condition

16. They put video cameras in shops … stop people stealing things.

a) due to b) in order to

c) lest d) in addition to

17. She applied for the job … didn’t get it.

a) or b) but

c) when d) so

18. … the company’s growth has been slower than expected, the workforce is to be reduced.

a) Therefore b) Despite

c) Since d) Owing to

19. There’s always a night watchman … anything happens in the office at night

a) if b) as long as

c) in case d) unless

20. … she has a job, she doesn’t make enough money to support her four children.

a) Even though b) If only

c) even if d) as though

21. Two of the three factories in our small town have closed; … unemployment is high.

a) moreover b) for

c) therefore d) because

22. Most criminals realize that they may be caught. … they are prepared to take risks.

a) So as b) Otherwise

c) So that d) Nevertheless

23. … he had inherited a fortune from his dad, he now spent every penny of it.

a) As b) In spite of

c) Still d) Whereas

24. We can’t avoid pollution… alternative kinds of fuel are found.

a) so that b) despite

c) unless d) if

25. … she apologizes, I won’t forgive her.

a) Despite b) In order

c) Unless d) In spite of

26. He insisted that he was right… the fact that everyone disagreed with hum.

a) while b) though

c) in spite of d) because of

27. I’m going to look for another job… the company offers me a pay rise.

a) so long as b) unless

c) as soon as d) if

28. I think my answers are right, but can I just check them with yours … I’ve made a mistake.

a) provided b) supposing

c) unless d) in case

29. I was advised to arrange insurance … I needed medical treatment … I was abroad.

a) if; as b) lest; when

c) on condition; till d) in case; while

30. They waited … everybody was there … they started the meeting.

a) until; before b) for; after

c) when; until d) while; since