Тема 12.2. Правонарушители.

Грамматическая тема : Герундий

Study the words and the word-combinations.

pickpocket – карманный вор

burglar – вор-взломщик

murderer – убийца

kidnapper – лицо, похитившее человека с целью выкупа

traitor – предатель

accomplice – сообщник

drug dealer – торговец наркотиками

spy – шпион

terrorist – террорист

assassin – убийца (по найму или политическим мотивам)

hooligan – хулиган

stowaway – безбилетный пассажир

thief – вор

hijacker – воздушный пират

forger – фальшивомонетчик

smuggler – контрабандист

arsonist – поджигатель

shoplifter – магазинный вор

mugger – уличный грабитель

offender – правонарушитель

vandal – вандал

gangster – гангстер

deserter – дезертир

bigamist – двоеженец

I. Choose the correct words to complete the following statements.

1. … sets fire to property illegally.

2. … steals from shops while acting as an ordinary customer.

3. … is someone who attacks people and robs them in a public place.

4. … is anyone who breaks the law.

5. … deliberately causes damage to property.

6. … breaks into houses or other buildings to steal.

7. … kills someone.

8. … takes away people by force and demands money for their return.

9. …steals things from people’s pockets in crowded places.

10. … helps a criminal in a criminal act.

11. … buys and sells drugs illegally.

12. … gets secret information from another country.

13. … uses violence for political reasons.

14. … murders for political reasons or a reward.

15. … causes damage or disturbance in public places.

16. … hides on a ship or plane to get a free journey.

17. … is one who steals.

18. … takes control of a plane by force and makes the pilot change course.

19. … makes counterfeit (false) money or signature.

20. … is someone who steals money or property by force from people or places.

21. … brings goods into a country illegally without paying tax.

22. … betray his country to another state.

23. … is a member of a criminal group.

24. … is a soldier who runs away from the army.

25. … marries illegally, being married already.

II Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.

Тяжкое убийство; поджог; кража; убийца; лицо, похитившее человека с целью выкупа; двоеженец; торговец наркотиками; правонарушитель; вандал; поджигатель; вор-взломщик; террорист; магазинный вор; уличный грабитель; вор; контрабандист; сообщник; карманный вор; шпион; убийца по найму; воздушный пират; безбилетный пассажир; фальшивомонетчик; грабитель; предатель; дезертир.

III Scan through the text. Study the words before reading.

female – женский

male – мужской

outnumber – превосходить численно

increase – увеличивать

criminal justice – уголовное судопроизводство

adolescence – подростковый возраст

likely – вероятный

teenage – находящийся в возрасте от 12 до 19

subject – подлежащий

aging – старение

juvenile delinquent – несовершеннолетний преступник

social origin – социальное происхождение

Characteristics of Offenders

Knowledge of the types of people who commit crimes is generally based on studies of those who have been detected, prosecuted, and convicted. A first aspect of criminality is that crime predominantly a male activity. In all criminal populations men outnumber women by a high proportion. But a number of crimes committed by women are increasing. A lot of explanations have been offered for this trend. One suggestion is that it reflects a real trend in the commission of crimes by women – that the changing social role of women, with more women leaving the home and taking employment, expecting and achieving financial independence, leads to greater opportunity for crime and to greater temptation. An alternative explanation is that the change in the rate of female criminality merely reflects a change in the operation of the criminal justice system. Even though female criminality appears to be increasing faster than male criminality, it will be many years before women reach the same level of crime as men.

A second aspect of criminality is that crime is predominantly an activity of the young. In both Britain and the United States, for example, the peak period for involvement in relatively minor property crime is adolescence (from 15 to 21). For involvement in more serious crimes the peak age is likely to be rather higher, from the late teenage years through the 20s. Criminality tends to decline steadily after the age of 30. Not all types of crime are subject to decline with aging. Fraud and certain kinds of theft, as well as crimes requiring a high level of businesslike organization, are more likely to be committed by older men, and sudden crimes of violence, committed for emotional reasons, may occur at any age.

The relationship between social class or economic status and crime shows that a higher incidence (the number of time something bad happens) of criminality was concentrated in the slums of large cities. Studies of juvenile delinquents disclosed a high proportion of lower-class offenders, that is, criminality is closely associated with social origin.

IV Answer the questions to the text.

1. What is based on studies of those who have been detected, prosecuted and convicted?

2. Is crime predominantly a male activity?

3. Do men outnumber women in all criminal populations?

4. What is the explanation for the increasing of crimes committed by women?

5. What is the peak age for involvement in more serious crimes?

6. Criminality tends to decline steadily after the age of 30, doesn’t it?

7. Are all types of crime subject to decline with aging?

8. At what age may sudden crimes of violence occur?

9. What does the relationship between social class or economic status and crime show?

10. What did studies of juvenile delinquents disclose?

V Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1. Crime is predominantly a female activity.

2. The changing social role of women leads to greater opportunity for education and upbringing.

3. The change in the rate of male criminality reflects a change in the operation of the criminal justice system.

4. Male criminality increases faster than female one.

5. Crime is predominantly an activity of the aged.

6. The peak period for involvement in minor property crime is advanced age.

7. Criminality tends to decline after the age of 90.

8. All types of crime subject to decline with aging.

9. Sudden crimes of violence may occur at baby age.

10. Criminality is not closely associated with social origin.

VI Restore the word order in the following statements.

1. Crime predominantly a male activity is.

2. Men women in all criminal populations outnumber.

3. The changing social role of women to greater opportunity for crime and to greater temptation leads.

4. The change in the rate of female criminality a change in the operation of the reflects criminal justice system.

5. Female criminality to be increasing faster than male criminality appears.

6. The peak period for involvement in minor property crime adolescence.

7. Criminality to decline after the age of 30 tends.

8. Not all types of crime subject to decline with aging.

9. Fraud and theft committed are by older people.

10. Criminality associated is closely with social origin.

VII Complete the following statements.

1. Crime is predominantly…

2. Men outnumber…

3. The changing social role of women leads…

4. The change in the rate of female criminality reflects…

5. Female criminality appears…

6. A second aspect of criminality is…

7. … is adolescence.

8. Criminality tends…

9. Crimes requiring a high level of businesslike organization are committed by…

10. Studies of juvenile delinquents disclosed…