2. English and Ukrainian idioms (phraseological units).

7. Word meaning and its structure.

7.1.Lexical-grammatical nature of word-meaning. Correlation between lexical and

grammatical meaning in a word. Categorematic and syntactical words.

2. Structure of a lexical meaning. Denotative and connotative meaning. Referent. Expressive, evaluative, emotive, stylistic and cultural connotation.

• Emotionally charged words. Intensifiers, emotive words, interjections and expletive words. Classification of emotive words. Diminutive, elevated, familiar, humorous, ironic, pejorative, swear and vulgar words.

• Meaning in morphemes. Meaning in root, inflectional and derivational morphemes.

2. Polysemy. Semantic structure of English and Ukrainian polysemantic words and its development.

Classification of meanings according to priority.

Types of lexical meanings.

Types of context.

• The development of the word semantic structure through semantic shift. Extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation of meaning. The causes of changes in meaning: linguistic and extralinguistic. Acquisition of meaning. Metaphoric transfer. Metonymic transfer. Name words: eponyms and toponyms. Loss of meaning. The main semantic causes of the loss of meaning: split of polysemy, borrowings, homonymy.

7.4. Homonymy.

• Homonymy in phrases, sentences and words.

• Classification of homonyms. Perfect homonyms. Partial homonyms: homographs and homophones.

• Sources of homonymy: phonetic change, borrowings, word formation and split polysemy. Historical and etymological homonyms. Syntagmatic homonymy.

7.5. Paronyms.

• Groups of paronyms: words having the same root but different derivational affixes and consonant words.

6. Hyponymy.

• The hypernym and co-hyponyms.

7.7. Semantic fields. General notions.

7.8. Synonymy.

• Classification of synonyms according to their morphological structure: synonyms having the same root, synonyms having different roots, synonymous expressions. Classification of synonyms according to their semantic features: semantic, stylistic, semantico-stylistic and lexical doublets. Classification of synonyms according to their interchangeability in the context: contextual and relative.

• The dominant synonym and its features.

• Sources of synonyms: borrowings, dialect, word-formation and phraseology.

• The use of synonyms.

• Periphrases, euphemisms and disphemisms as subtypes of synonyms.

7.9. Antonymy.

• Classification of antonyms. Classification according to the part of speech. Structural classification of antonyms. Semantic classification of antonyms.

• Criteria for antonyms: contextual criterion, the possibility of substitution, identical lexical valency.

• The basic characteristics of antonyms.

• Oxymoron.

8. English and Ukrainian idioms (phraseological units).

• The concept of idioms. Basic features of idioms. Types of idioms: allusions, clichés, hyperbole, phrasal compounds, phrasal verbs, proverbs, similes, quotations, slang expressions and social formulae.

• Stability of English and Ukrainian idioms. Structural stability. Structural transformations in idioms. Semantic stability.

• Classification of English and Ukrainian idioms. Phraseological combinations, phraseological unities, phraseological fusions. Structural types of idioms.

• Semantic structure of English and Ukrainian idioms.

• Phraseological polysemy, homonymy, synonymy and antonymy.

• Idioms and free word-groups: criteria for distinguishing. Contextual, semantic and structural criteria.

• Sources of English and Ukrainian idioms. Native and borrowed idioms. The ways of borrowing of idioms: loan translation, partial loan translation, direct borrowing in a foreign form.

• English and Ukrainian proverbs, quotations, clichés.