How to make criminal (1)

Avoid – избегать \Treat – лечить

inherent [ɪn'her(ə)nt] прирождённый, врождённый

circumstances ['sɜːkəmstæns] – обстоятельства

to reduce crime – снижать уровень преступности

rather than - скорее, предпочтительнее чем; вместо того, чтобы

to complete the task – выполнить задачу

particular - особенный, особый, специфический

follow – разделять взгляды, поддерживать; идти за, следовать

make sure – убедиться, обеспечить

brain disorder – нарушение деятельности мозга\brain damage – повреждение мозга

suggest – предполагать \ claim – утверждать

unconscious - без сознания, в обмороке\suffer - испытывать, претерпевать

Are criminals different in some fundamental ways from people who have not committed any crime? If there is something inherent in being a criminal, then assessment, punishment, and treatment should focus directly on the characteristics of the offender. By contrast, if offenders are created by circumstances, then programmes to reduce crime should focus on those circumstances rather than the individual offender.

Assume you are a modern-day Dr Frankenstein and you were asked to build a criminal. What would you need to complete the task? Would it be particular body parts? Perhaps, as was believed by serious scholars less than one hundred years ago, you would choose especially lengthy arms like those of apes (an ape [eɪp] - человекообразная обезьяна)? Would you also follow the guidelines of the well-known 19th-century Italian criminologist Ceasare Lombroso in building the head, making sure that it had ‘projecting ears, thick hair, a thin beard (борода), enormous jaws, a square and projecting chin (подбородок) and large cheek-bones’ (скулы)?

There are a lot of experts who think that criminality is a product of some brain disorder, or even minor brain damage, say as the result of an accident, or problems at the time of birth. For example, some experts has suggested that Henry VIII turned from a benign king (добрый, милостивый король) to a despotic ruler who got rid of wives like old shirts after he had a jousting accident (joust [ʤaust] - рыцарский поединок) that left him unconscious for two hours. It is claimed that the brain damage suffered in the accident changed his personality to become more aggressive and violent.

So, how would you select people who you thought would become criminal? What would you look for? Well, if you were to draw on the general descriptions offered for the average offender, you might select people of lower than average intelligence, who were rather impulsive and somewhat neurotic, but who yearned for excitement (стремятся испытать возбуждение, эмоциональный подъём). The difficulty you might run into with this psychological approach to making a criminal would be that you may just end up with a person who is not different from many non-criminal individuals. Indeed, some of the characteristics that you are drawing on may offer the basis for people who become famous footballers or even politicians.

QUESTIONS:

1. Can potential criminals be identified before they offend?

2. Is the cause of criminality related to some neurological aspect of the person? What kind of neurological problems does assessment of the offender have to search out? Can potential criminals be identified before they offend by studying their brains?

3. What physical characteristics were thought of as distinct signs of criminality?

4. What psychological characteristics are often thought of as distinct [dɪ'stɪŋkt] signs of criminality?

5. What leads a particular individual to commit crimes?

HOW TO MAKE CRIMINAL (2)

a mental disorder – психическое расстройство\ mental health – психическое здоровье

defect ['diːfekt ]) недостаток, изъян, порок

alike – похожий \ fit - соответствовать ( чему-л. ) \ pattern - образец, модель

experience – испытывать, переживать

low self-esteem – низкая самооценка \ suffer – страдать

define – определять ability – способность

result in приводить к\ result from = occur or follow as the consequence of something

involve – включать, содержать, подразумевать

a cause – причина \ environmental factors – средовые факторы

behavioral- поведенческие \ influence - влияние, действие, воздействие

obsess [əb'ses] завладевать, преследовать, мучить (о навязчивой идее, страхе)

Develop развивать(ся) ( from; into ), заболевать

deficit ['defɪsɪt] – нарушение, поражение \ torture ['tɔːʧə] 1) пытать 2) мучить

deal with - принимать меры, бороться \ commit [kə'mɪt] совершать (правонарушение, плохой поступок)

maladaptive - дезадаптивный, ненормальный, неадекватный

belief – мнение, убеждение \ thought - мысль; мышление; размышление

contribute to - способствовать ( to )\ lack - испытывать недостаток, нуждаться в (чём-л.) ; не иметь

1. Dennis Lynn Rader (born March 9, 1945) is an American serial killer who murdered ten people in Kansas ['kænzəs], between 1974 and 1991.

2. Although no two serial killers are alike, Rader fits the typical pattern. Serial killers usually look like ordinary people, often with families and good jobs. Many serial killers have experienced a traumatic childhood event and have serious personality defects, such as low self-esteem and a lifelong sense of loneliness. They are obsessed with control, manipulation, and dominance. This explains why serial killers feel special when their victims suffer and plead for help (просят о помощи).

3. Dennis Rader was a shy and polite child who preferred to spend time alone. As a boy, he recalls watching his grandparents strangle chickens at their farm, and by the time he reached high school, he was strangling cats and dogs. By his teens, he fantasized about tying up, controlling, and torturing women.

Rader’s many maladaptive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors interacted with his biological factors and resulted in his serious mental disorder.

4. The answer to why Dennis Rader became a serial killer, why he developed a mental disorder involves a number of factors—genetic [ʤɪ'netɪk], neurological, cognitive-emotional-behavioral, and environmental. As several or more of these factors interact, the result in some cases can be the development of one of the mental disorders.

5. Most forensic health professionals, including those on cases like this, work either in a correctional facility (исправительное учреждение) or in a psychiatric hospital. With Rader, each professional used a standard set of assessment instruments, such as an IQ test, projective tests (проективные тесты) , and self-reports. Some of them also examined him for potential brain damage (and found none). Each professional diagnosed Rader and argued either for or against the claim that Rader did not know what he was doing each time that he committed murders.

QUESTIONS

1. What is a typical pattern of serial killer's behaviour?

2. What personality defects are typical for serial killers?

3. What factors could contribute to the development of Dennis Rader’s mental disorder?

4. What is the goal of making psychological assessment?

5. What tools of psychological assessment are there?

Ex.1 Read the text below and decide which word from each group best fits each space.

A prolonged or recurring problem that seriously __________ (1) with the ability of an individual to live a satisfying personal life and function in society is called a mental disorder.

Mental disorders arise from the interaction of a number of factors. Biological factors include inherited behavioral tendencies, which are called __________ (2) factors. These factors contribute from 30% to 60% to the development of mental disorders.

Other factors that _____________ (3) to the development of mental disorders, such as deficits or problems in thinking, processing emotional stimuli, and social skills, are called cognitive-emotional-behavioral factors.

Being in or seeing a traumatic event, which is called an ______________ (4) factor, can contribute to developing a mental disorder.

1. A. improve. B. interfere. C. contribute

2. A. genetic. B. behavioral. C. emotional

3. A. contribute B. influence C. prevent

4. A. influential B. reinforcing. C. environmental.

EX.2 Read the text below and decide which word from each group best fits each space.

The causes of mental disorders are generally complex, and __________ (1) according to the particular disorder and individual. Genetics, early development, trauma, drugs, disease or injury, neural/psychological mechanisms, life experiences, society and culture can all __________ (2) to the development or progression of mental disorders.

The most common view is that disorders tend to___________ (3) genetic dispositions and environmental stressors, combining to __________ (4) patterns of distress or dysfunction or, more sharply, trigger disorders.

1. A. vary 2. B. interact. 3. C. contribute

2. A. show 2. B. contribute C. increase

3. A. result from B. experience C. predict

4. A. reduce B. impair C. cause

EX.3 Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words.

1. In making a clinical diagnosis, a mental health professional first ____________ the client’s specific symptoms and then matches these symptoms to those described in the DSM-IV-TR.

A. identify

B. learn

C. treat

2.Mental health professionals begin by using three different methods to identify a client’s symptoms, a process called clinical __________.A.interview B. assessment C. treatment

3. Next, the client’s symptoms are _________ to those described in in the DSM-IVTR to arrive at a diagnosis of each client’s particular mental disorder.

1. assessed B. matched C called

4. The manual that describes the symptoms for almost 300 different mental disorders is called the DSM. The manual’s primary goal is to provide mental health professionals with a means of ___________ mental disorders.

1. Classifying B. causing C. interfering

5. When performed by a mental health professional, a systematic evaluation of an individual’s various psychological, biological, and social factors that may be ____________his or her problem is called a clinical assessment.

1. Interpreting B. classifying C. contributing to

6. To standardize their definitions, psychiatrists and psychologists developed a reference book called the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) which ________specific criteria for each psychological diagnosis.

1. Identifies B. sets C. results from

7. Classifying psychological disorders provides a common basis for _________. If one psychologist says that her client is experiencing depression, another psychologist understands that a particular pattern of abnormal behavior leads to this diagnosis.

1. Avoiding B. using C. communicating

Задание 4 Смысловая модуляция

1. Humanistic psychology has as its aim a focus on the human being as an experiencing person. Гуманистическая психология имеет своей целью привлечение внимания к человеку как субъекту опыта.

2. The belief that aggression is instinctive is popular among the general American public. In the 1960s three books championing the instinctive basis of aggression were published in the United States. Убеждение в инстинктивном происхождении агрессии получило широкое распространение у рядовых американцев. В 1960-х гг. в США были опубликованы три книги, в которых проводилась эта идея.

3. As time passes, aggressive energy is said to build up. The more that has accumulated, the weaker the stimulus necessary to set it off or release it into overt aggressive behavior. Со временем агрессивная энергия накапливается. Чем ее больше, тем слабее раздражитель, необходимый для ее высвобождения в форме агрессивного поведения.

4. In this view, aggressive energy inexorably accumulates and inexorably must be expressed. Согласно этой точке зрения, агрессивная энергия неизбежно накапливается и столь же неизбежно ищет выхода.

5. The nomenclature for these disorders is undergoing revision, but the term autism spectrum disorder is increasingly preferred. Хотя классификация этих расстройств в данный момент пересматривается, на сегодняшний день наибольшее распространение получил термин «расстройства аутистического спектра».

6. Although autistic disorder was initially reported in children of high social class, subsequent research has established that the condition equally afflicts all social classes. Изначально аутизм считался отклонением, встречающимся у детей представителей высшего класса, но дальнейшие исследования доказали, что аутизм равно распространен среди всех социальных слоёв.

7. Motion analysis may provide evidence of autism in early infancy, before other manifestations occur. Двигательный анализ может выявить аутизм уже в раннем детстве, прежде чем станут очевидными остальные проявления этого нарушения.

8. Intelligence has been both an interesting and controversial topic of research in the field of adult development. Интеллект вызывает постоянный интерес и споры как предмет исследования в области развития взрослых.

9. These dysfunctional beliefs have originated as the result of the interaction between the individual’s genetic predisposition and exposure to undesirable influences from other people and specific traumatic events. Эти дисфункциональные убеждения являются результатом взаимодействия между генетической предрасположенностью человека и нежелательным влиянием других людей и определенных травмирующих событий.

10. Violence is often the result of exaggerated efforts to gain or maintain control over the other person. Насилие часто является следствием чрезмерного стремления получить или сохранить власть над другим человеком.

11. It is impossible to know the exact incidence of abuse, neglect, and sexual abuse, since only the more serious cases tend to be reported. Невозможно точно установить число случаев жестокого обращения, сексуального насилия и отсутствия должного ухода за детьми, так как регистрируются только случаи с тяжелыми последствиями.

12. The credibility of the psychologist in the courtroom will depend on several factors. Доверие к психологу в зале суда будет зависеть от ряда факторов.

13. In such cases, the therapist has a responsibility to make the patient and the attorney aware of the recommendations, but the final decision as to whether to proceed on those recommendations lies with the patient. В таких случаях терапевт обязан довести до сознания пациента и адвоката свои рекомендации, но окончательное решение в отношении того, следовать этим рекомендациям или нет, должно приниматься самим пациентом.

14. Starting with an evolutionary focus, Beck elaborates on how the schemas (and the idiosyncratic combinations of schemas) contribute to the formation of various disorders. Начиная с рассмотрения эволюционных аспектов, Бек подробно останавливается на том, как схемы (и конкретные комбинации схем) влияют на развитие различных заболеваний.

15. Dysfunctional feelings and conduct (according to the cognitive therapy theory) are largely due to the function of certain schemas that produce consistently biased judgments and a concomitant tendency to make cognitive errors in certain types of situations. Дисфункциональные чувства и поведение (согласно теории когнитивной психотерапии) в значительной степени обусловлены определенными схемами, которые лежат в основе искаженных суждений и сопутствующей им тенденции допускать когнитивные ошибки в некоторых типах ситуаций.