10. Principal sentence parts

The principal sentence parts are the subject and the predicate.

Subject

Subject is the part of a sentence or clause that commonly indicates what it is about, or who or what performs the action (that is, the agent). The subject is typically a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun, but may be expressed in different ways:

-as a noun: The boy like reading

-as a pronoun: I like reading

-as a gerund: Reading is what I like

-as an infinitive: To like reading is well

-as a clause: What you like is reading

-as a numeral: 2 of them like reading

In a declarative sentence, the subject usually appears before the verb (The boy isreading). In an interrogative sentence, the subject usually follows the first part of a verb (Is the boy reading?).

Predicate

The predicate is the second principal part of the sentence which expresses an action, state, or quality of the person or thing denoted by the subject. It is grammatically dependent upon the subject.

As a rule the predicate contains a finite verb which may express tense, mood, voice, aspect, and sometimes person and number. According to the structure and the meaning of the predicate we distinguish two main types: the simple predicate and the compound predicate.

Simple (Verbal) is expressed by a finite verb in a simple or a compound tense form He runs fast He is running fast	Compound consists of two parts 1) a finite verb and 2) some other part of speech: a noun, a pronoun, an adjective, a verb, etc			Mixed (both modal and nominal) He must be smart
	Verbal		Nominal (a link-verb+ predicative (nominal part) He is a student He is smart He is alive
	Aspect (phasal) Verbs beginning, ending or continuing process He began to run	Modal He must run

The subject is typically a verb, but may be expressed in different ways:

-as a verb: The boy is dancing

-as a gerund: His hobby is dancing

-as a noun: Dancing is his hobby

-as a pronoun: It’s me

-as a adjective: It was wonderful

11. Classification of sentences. Types of sentences.

A sentence is the basic unit of language which expresses a complete thought.

Sentences can be classified based on their purpose:

1. A declarative sentence or declaration, the most common type, commonly makes a statement

I have to go to work

2)An interrogative sentence or question is commonly used to request information

Do I have to go to work?

But sometimes not, so this is a rhetorical question (To be or not to be?)

3) An exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of statement expressing emotion

I’m so glad to see you!

4) An imperative sentence or command tells someone to do something (and if done strongly may be considered both imperative and exclamatory)

Go to work! Do it!

On the basis of predicative line presentation, sentences are divided into:

1. The simple sentence is a sentence in which only one predicative line is expressed.

1. According to their structure simple sentences are divided into

One-member (1 principal member)		Two-member (two PM)
Nominal (Silence!)	Verbal (To think of that! Look!)	Complete (I like dogs)	Incomplete (Seems difficult)

2. According to their type of the subject

Personal (besides it, there)	Impersonal (it, there)
I like dogs	There is a dog

3. According to the type of the predicate

Process featuring (only verbs)	Substance featuring (there is smth else besides verbs)
I like dogs	There is a dog

4. According to the type of the subject-object relation

Subjective (only subject, transitive verbs) I’am a student

Objective (there is an object, intransitive verbs) I’m reading a book

Potentially objective (there is no object, but it implied, intransitive verbs) I’m reading

5. According to the presence of secondary parts

Unextended	Extended
(only 2 principal parts) I’m a student	(there is a secondary parts besides principal ones) I’m a good student

2. Composite sentences is a sentence in which two or more predicative lines are expressed.