Type of support relation between Linguistic representation

Agentive Manner

Nonagentive Manner

Agentive Cause

Nonagentive Cause

1. I swung / slammed the door shut.

2. I eased him awake gently.

3. The door swung / creaked /

slammed shut.

4. He jerked awake.

5. I kicked the door shut.

6. I shook him awake.

7. The door blew shut.

T r a n s i t i o n:

“from presence to

absence” type

discrete transition

(final state of transition is

profiled)

bounded gradient transit.

(transition in its progression (through a gradient state to a final one)

Linguistic patterns bear the motion scheme: “go / put out of existence”

verb + satellite “out”

verb+ satellite “away”

(transition is slow and lengthy)

verb + satellite “up”

(transition is quick and brief)

1. The candle flickered /

sputtered out (at

exactly midnight) – is

consonant with a

punctual temporal

expression “at exactly

midnight”.

2.The candle blew out.

3. I blew / waved /

pinched the candle out.

4.The meat rotted away

(in five days) - is

consonant with a

bounded temporal

extent expression “in

five days”.

5. The ice melted away.

6. The hinge rusted away.

7.The image faded

away.

8. The jacket elbows

have worn away.

9. The leaves withered

away.

10. The log burned up in

1 hour. (Compare:

The log burned (for

30. minutes before

going out by itself.)

11. I ate up the popcorn in

10 minutes. (Compare:

I ate the popcorn (for

15 minutes before I

stopped myself.)

T r a n s i t i o n:

“from absence to

presence” type

discrete transition

bounded gradient transit.

discrete transition / bounded gradient transit.

T r a n s i t i o n:

“accumulation” type

T r a n s i t i o n:

“from an intact physical condition to a nonintact condition” type

T r a n s i t i o n:

“cognitive change” type – “to familiarity”

“cognitive change” type –

“to awareness”

T r a n s i t i o n:

“entry into a state” type

T r a n s i t i o n:

“departure from a state”

type

T r a n s i t i o n:

“continued maintenance of a state” type

T r a n s i t i o n:

“traversal through a state” type

Linguistic patterns bear the motion scheme: “come / bring into

existence”

verb + satellite “up”

(in “at” temporal phrases)

verb + satellite “up”

(in “in” temporal phrases)

verb + satellite “out”

(in “at” temporal phrases /

in “in” temporal phrases)

verb + satellite “up”

transitive construction: verb + direct object (patient) + satellite “up”

transitive construction:

verb + direct object (patient, expressed by a reflexive) + prepositional phrase

verb + combination of a preposition and a noun

verb + adjective

verb + combination of a preposition and a noun

verb + satellite ( an adjective)

(the constructional meaning is not that of “state entry” but “state situatedness”)

verb + preposition “for” + object

(the constructional meaning is “in search of”)

verb + satellite “off” + preposition “with” + noun (the constructional meaning is “carrying along smth. that one has stolen)

12. I Xeroxed up 3 copies

of his original letter.

(Compare: I Xeroxed

his original letter.)

13. I boiled up some fresh

coffee for breakfast at

our campsite.

(Compare: I boiled last

night’s coffee for

breakfast at the

campsite.)

14. I thought up a plan.

(Compare: I thought

about the issues.)

The difference in the examples is that in “up” sentences the idea of “effected objects” is rendered, while in the contrast sentences the idea of “affected objects” is rendered.

15. I tapped out a message

on the radiator pipes.

16. I saved up 5.000

dollars in 5 years.

(Compare: I saved

(my) 5.000 dollars for

5 years.)

17. Jane has bought up

beachfront property

in the county.

(Compare: Jane has

bought beachfront

property in the

county.)

“Up” sentences announce the idea of “progressive amassing a good deal of property over time”, while the contrast sentences render the idea of “one-time action”.

18. The dog chewed the

shoe up in 30 minutes.

(Compare: The dog

chewed on the shoe

for 15 minutes.)

19. I have read myself

into the book.

20. The actor has plays

himself into his role.

21. I have worked myself

into my job.

22. German: Sie hat ihr

Kind herausgehort.

23. The water froze into a

solid block of ice.

24. The wood chips

boiled down to a pulp.

25. He choked to death

on a bone.

26. I burned him to death.

? 27. The army battled the

peninsula into its

possession.

? 28. We drilled oil into

our possession.

29. The shirt flapped dry

in the wind.

30. The tin-can rusted

stiff.

31. I painted the fence

blue.

32. The apparition blinked

out of existence.

33. I nailed the door shut.

(It means that “the door” was already “shut” and “I” initiated the maintaining of the door in that shut state by driving nails into it.)

34. I felt for nails on the

blackboard.

? 35. I listened to the

record for the

scratches.

? 36. I looked all over for

the missing button.

37. I walked / drove /

sailed / flew off with

the money.

(Compare: to make / to take off with …)

C o n c e r t –

the co-event agency acts in concert with the framing event agency, they are equipotent components of a joint unity, each component is essential for the existence of the whole

A c c o m p a n i m e n t -

the co-event agency acts in accompaniment or as an addition to the framing event agency;

the co-event is basic, essential activity of the macro-event,

the framing event is an incidental aspect of the macro-event

S u r p a s s m e n t –

the co-event agency either marshals his activity to surpass the framing event agency’s activity, or his activity simply happens to surpass the framing event agency’s activity

verb + together (with)

verb + along (with)

verb + preposition “to” +

noun (noun phrase)

prefixal satellite “out” + verb

1. I played the melody

together with him.

2. I jog together with him.

(It means, that “we schedule and execute our

activity jointly and might not engage in it singly.)

3. Mary sang along with

him.

4. I played along with the

phonograph record.

5. I jog along with him.

(It means, that “he has his own regular routine of jogging independently and I sometimes accompany him.)

6. I swayed / tapped my

foot / danced / hummed

to the rhythm /beat /

music / sound of the

waves lapping against

the shore.

7. I outplayed him.

8. I outran him.

9. I outcooked him.