Вариант 3

1). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните форму инфинитива Indefinite Infinitive. Укажите залог инфинитива: действительный (Active) или страдательный (Passive):

1. Your duty was to inform me about it immediately.

2. I want to be informed of other arrival.

3. He has a great desire to be invited to the party.

4. The boy wanted to go for a bathe, but was not allowed to.

2). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните форму инфинитива

Perfect Infinitive. Укажите залог инфинитива: действительный (Active) или страдательный (Passive):

1. He seems to have finished his article.

2. I took the composition to have been written by my brother.

3. I am glad to have been told the news.

3). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните объективный инфинитивный оборот (Complex Object):

1. They expect the steamer to leave tonight.

2. I like people to tell the truth.

3. 1 should like to be invited to the concert.

4. Have you heard him to play the piano?

4). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните субъектный инфинитивный оборот (Complex Object):

1. The weather appear be improving.

2. He was said to be one of the most promising nuclear physicists.

3. This plant is known to produce tractors.

5). Перепишите следующие сложноподчинённые предложения с обстоятельственными придаточными. Укажите вид придаточного в каждом предложен (времени, условия, места, образа действия, придаточные сравнения):

1. As soon as we received your telegram, we instructed our office to prepare the goods for shipment.

2. Wherever he went, he was welcome.

3. As I was going down the road I met yow sister.

4. He played so well that everybody admire him.

5. If he is here, he is probably working in the library.

6. The more time you spend in the Crimea, the sooner you will recover.

7. He lay until he did not feel the pain any longer.

8. They walked slowly up the stairs as if they were carrying something heavy.

9. She sat behind me so that I could not see the expression on her face.

10. He looked in the direction of the entrance door as if he was waiting for somebody.

6). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните Participle I. Укажите инфинитив глагола, от которого оно образовано:

1. Hearing the sounds of music we stopped talking.

2. Looking out of the window, he saw his mother watering the flowers.

3. A person taking a sunbathe must be very careful.

4. A teacher seeing a mistake in a student’s dictation al ways corrects it.

7). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните Participle II. Укажите, в какой функции оно употреблено:

1. The coat bought last year is too small for me now.

2. The books written by Dickens give us a realistic picture of the 19th century England.

3. A fish taken out of the water cannot live.

8). Перепишите следующие условные предложения, переведите их. Укажите подтип каждого из них (реальное или нереальное):

1. If I were in your shoes, I would send the documents to the office.

2. If we start off now we’ll arrive there by dinner.

3. He would not have caught a cold if he had put on a warm coat.

4. If the weather had been fine, we should have played outside.

9). Перепишите и письменно переведите текст «THE SOCIOLOGY OF THE «INSIDE»». Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания из текста:

permeate — проникать, пропитывать;

major thrust — основной упор;

inanimate objects — неодушевлённые предметы;

observe — наблюдать;

pattern — пример, шаблон, образец;

subjectivity — субъективность;

communicate — общаться, взаимодействовать;

behavior — поведение;

to be aware — осознавать, знать;

definition of sociology — определение социологии;

achievement — достижение;

connection — связь, соединение;

validate — утверждать, объявлять действительным;

predict — предугадывать.

THE SOCIOLOGY OF THE «INSIDE»

MAX WEBER

Max Weber (1864-1920) is one of the few major figures of sociology whose ideas permeate the work of both quantitative and. qualitative sociologists... A major thrust of Weber’s methodology was to link the scientific concepts of general laws and causal analysis with the purportedly unique subject matter of social science — human beings.

Weber’s conception of sociology combines a concern for the individual (in particular, for his motives and meanings) with the goal of causal scientific explanation. His position was basically this: Any difference between the social and natural sciences comes from the basic fact that a social scientist is an object of the same type he is studying — a human. The fact that humans are interpretive animals — that they create meanings and work with symbolic and abstract representations — is what makes it possible for them to develop a science of any sort. But in the social sciences we have an additional advantage. In the case of inanimate objects and lower forms of life, we can only observe and describe them and, by interpretive understanding, detect patterns and general laws which they seem to obey. However, with humans we have an advance clue — we know about subjectivity. We have more or less directly experienced and observed our own motives, reactions, emotions, and meanings as they are connected to our social actions. Our fellows have communicated similar experiences to us in ordinary language. All this occurred before any science of human action began. Thus, the generic possibility that subjective elements determine actions is known to us.

Assuming that rocks or plants actually bad motives for their «behavior», it would be unclear that we could ever discover them. For, in order to find some things, one has to suspect in advance that they are there. Given that, as humans, we are aware of the general possibility of specific subjective states of others, there remains the question of how to go about gaining access to these states. Weber singled out three types of subjectivity, or «meanings», which were of special interest to the social scientist:

1. The concrete purposes, motives, and meanings of another person which accompany his specific social actions.

2. The average, common, or approximate meaning of something given to it by a group of people (the meaning of award in a language is of this type).

3. The meaning(s) attributed to a hypothetical ideal actor in a symbolic model of action which is constructed by the social scientist.

In Weber’s definition of sociology… the German word Verstehen has been translated as «understanding». Many American sociologists have associated the term Verstehen with Weber and have taken it to stand for a form of sociological analysis that emphasizes the achievement of empathetic appreciation as a goal. However, for Weber this was a secondary goal, the primary one being the acquisition of a causal explanation of social action. Empathetic understanding of the subjective elements of action was but one means, and not always a necessary one at that.

Thus we see Weber’s major use of Verstehen: the observation and interpretation of the subjective states of mind of other people. Verstehen generates hypotheses concerning the connections between subjective states and human action but does not validate them. These hypotheses and/or concepts were then put in theoretical models of social action, used to predict and understand courses of action.

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