2. Obligation from the speaker’s point of view

+ -

I guess you must go and apologize.

3. Prohibition

Only –

May I take a gun? – No, you mustn’t!

4. Emphatic Advice

+ -

You must have your hair cut

Set-phrases:

• Must needs – непременно

You must needs go to bed.

• I must be off / I must be going – мне пора

Another cup of coffe? – No, thanks, I must be off.

• I must say that…/ I must confess…

(вводные фразы)

I must confess he’s an idiot.

• （invitation）You must come and see me – приходи ко мне (в гости)

You must come and have dinner with me – приходи ко мне пообедать

TO BE TO

(должен буду, должна была)

1. A previously arranged plan or obligation

+ - должен буду (по плану, расписанию)

I was to take my exam yesterday

I was to have taken an exam yesterday – у меня должен был быть экзамен, но его не было

We are to wait for them at the entrance.

I’m to change planes in London – у меня пересадка в Лондоне.

Was/were + inf – an action planned for the future viewed from the past

+ perf. inf. – the plan was (not) fulfilled

2. Orders and instructions, often official

+ - (usually in reported speech)

I just mention it because you said I was to give you all the details I could

In direct speech:

You’re to keep quiet! You’re not to leave the room!

(orders, etc.)

3. Something that is destined to happen

+ - СУЖДЕНО

He didn’t know at the time that he was never to see his native place again.

You’re to be my wife

He was to be my teacher

4. Possibility

+ - ? = can/may

Often with passive infinitive.

Where is he to be found?

He is to be found in the bar.

His kids were to be found in the library.

Set-phrases:

What am I to do? – Что мне делать? Как мне быть?

What is to become of me? – Что со мной будет?

Where am I to go? – Куда же мне идти (деваться)?

Also used in conditional clauses

(were + to + inf.)

If he were to come again I should not receive him.

TO HAVE TO

(должен, нужно, приходится, необходимо)

1. Expresses obligation or necessity imposed by circumstances.

+ - ?

What a pity you have to go now.

You don’t have to wake up so early.

I’ll have to leave my family tomorrow.

2. Had to + inf. – is used to denote an action which was realized in the past as a result of obligation or necessity imposed by circumstances

I had to sell my car (I needed money)

3. Had to + inf. can be used in reported speech to express obligation.

He said that he had to make a telephone call at once.

Set-phrase:

Had better + inf (without to) – лучше

You'd better stay at home.

SHALL

1. Expresses promise, threat or warning

Is found with the second and third persons + - ?

You shall have my answer tomorrow

2. To ask after the will of the person addressed

1^st and 2^nd persons ?

Who whall answer the telephone, Major?

SHOULD = ought to

1. Obligation with the shade of advisability and desirability

СЛЕДУЕТ + - ?

It’s late. You should go to bed

Generally refers an action to the future and is followed by simple inf.

If should + perf. inf.:

+ a desirable action was not carried out

He should have told me about it himself

- An undesirable action was carried out

You shouldn’t have done as you did!

2. Supposition implying strong probability

ДОЛЖНО БЫТЬ, ВЕРОЯТНО

I suggest that you should stay here as if nothing had happened

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Set-phrase OUGTH TO: He ought to know – уж он-то знает!

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3. Emotional coloring:

1. special emphatic constructions, where a simple predicative is not used:

a> Rhetorical questions why … ?

Why should I do it?

b> Object clauses why … ?

I don’t see why we shouldn’t make friends.

c> attributive clauses … reason why …

I don’t see any reason why we shouldn’t be happy.

d> constructions of the following kind:

The door opened and who should come in but Tom –

Дверь открылась, и кто бы вы думали вошел? Никто иной, как Том

e> In the set-phrase How should I know? – Почем я знаю?

2. in certain types of subordinate clauses where should+inf is interchangeable with a simple predicate in the Indicative Mood

a> in object clauses after expressions of regret, surprise , sometimes pleasure and displeasure

I’m sorry that you should think so badly of me –

Жаль, что вы так плохо обо мне думаете

ST is not observed.

b> in object clauses following the principal clause with a formal <it> as subject

It’s absurd that such things should happen to a family like theirs

c> in constructions of the following kind:

That it should come to this – И до чего дошло дело

To think that it should come to this! – Только подумать, до чего дошло дело!

To think that it should have happened to me! –

Только подумать, что это произошло со мной!

Will/Would

Will=Would – parallel use

1) permanent actuons, habitual or recurrent actions

e.g. She will swimm (она любит плавать, обычно плавает)

used to do = would

e.g. She would swimm a lot (она любила плавать, обычно плавала)

2) refusal to perform an action will/would + simple inf. (никак не хочу,ни за что не хотел)

e.g. She won′t go with us./She wouldn′t go with us.

3) a thing fails to perform its function will/would + simple inf.(никак не пишет(не писала)

e.g. My pen won′t (wouldn′t) write.

4) will, intention, determination

would- reported speech

e.g. I said I would do anything for him.

will – the future

e.g. I will make money.

5) willingness, consent would – more polite form (пожалуйста)

e.g. Will you dine with me tomorrow, Peter?

“Won′t you sit down?” said the doctor.

You′ll forgive me, won′t you?

“Would you do it?” she asked eagerly.

6) if-clauses (willingness, consent) will/would + simple inf.

e.g. If she will help me, I will be happy.

would – unreality (бы)

e.g. If she would help me, I would be happy.

Will ≠ Would is not parallel