Перевод герундия на русский язык

Герундий может переводиться на русский язык:

1. существительным

We are interested in buying these goods

Мы заинтересованы в покупке этих товаров.

2. инфинитивом

Everybody went on working. Все продолжали работать.

2. деепричастием

On coming to the office he got down to work.

Придя в контору, он принялся за работу.

2. придаточным предложением

We regretted having done it.

Мы сожалели о том , что сделали это.

Сравнение герундия и причастия

Формы герундия совпадают с формами причастия. Герундий от причастия отличается:

1) по функции в предложении. Герундий может быть любым членом предложения, причастие — только определением, обстоятельством или частью сказуемого.

Если предложение начинается словом с окончанием -ing, следует помнить, что оно может быть герундием в функции подлежащего (если за ним идет глагол-сказуемое) или причастием в функции обстоятельства (если за ним следует подлежащее):

Герундий перед глаголом-сказуемым	Причастие перед подлежащим
Testing the motor was necessary. Испытать мотор было необходимо.	Testing the motor, he saw... Испытывая мотор, он увидел...

2) по наличию предлога. Как герундий, так и причастие могут быть обстоятельством и определением. В отличие от причастия, пе­ред герундием в этом случае, как правило, стоит предлог. Перед причастием может стоять союз when или while.

Герундий	Причастие
в функции обстоятельства
After testing the motor they put down the results. После испытания мотора они записали результаты.	(While) testing the motor they put down the results. Испытывая мотор, они записывали результаты.
в функции определения
1. There several ways of producing electricity. Имеется несколько способов производства электричества. 2.Герундий может употребляться без предлога, если стоит пред определяемым словом: operating principle – принцип действия reading hall – читальный зал	The plant producing electricity is very powerful. Эта установка, производящая электричество, очень мощная. Причастие перед определяемым словом означает, что действие выполняется самим предметом или лицом: operating engine – работающий двигатель reading man – читающий человек

3) по наличию перед герундием притяжательного местоимения или существительного в притяжательном падеже:

We heard of his going to London. Мы слышали, что он едет в Лондон.

We know of copper and silver Мы знаем, что медь и серебро – самые

being the best conductors. лучшие проводники.

Exercise 1. Open the brackets using the gerund:

1. The grass in the garden is very dry, it needs (wa­ter). 2. It's very warm outside. You don't need (put on) your coat. 3. The house is old, and it wants (repair). 4. Fa­mous people don't need (introduce) themselves. 5. The carpet is covered with dust, it needs (sweep). 6. The shoes are very dirty, they need (polish). 7. These shoes have a hole, they want (mend). 8. The table cloth is quite clean, it doesn't want (wash) yet. 9. The room needed (clean).10. (learn) foreign languages is very useful. 12.1 know my hair wants (cut) but I never have time to go to the hairdresser's. 13. John needed (cheer up) when he heard that he'd failed his exams. 14. You should tidy up the garden. — Yes, it needs (tidy). The roses want (water), the peaches want (pick), the grass wants (cut).

UNIT 4.

THE INTERNET.

Text A. INTRODUCTION TO THE WWW AND THE INTERNET

Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts of topics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of informational exchange. They share information and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are connected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways.

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. But it's not a collection of networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser. The number of resources and services that are part of the World Wide Web is growing extremely fast. In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the WWW, and more than half the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using a computer terminal (hardware) connected to a network that is a part of the Internet, and by using a program (software) to browse or retrieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web, the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a variety of information. Each browser provides a graphical interface. You move from place to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text, icon or region of a map. These items are called hyperlinks or links. Each link you select represents a document, an image, a video clip or an audio file somewhere on the Internet. The user doesn't need to know where it is, the browser follows the link.

All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it's available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And, of course, you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents.

Just a little bit of exploring the World Wide Web will show you what a lot of use and fun it is.

Vocabulary:

World Wide Web — «Всемирная Паутина»

to retrieve — извлекать

variety — разнообразие, спектр

recreation — развлечение

network — сеть

to share — делить

humanities — гуманитарные науки

business transactions — коммерческие операции

access — доступ

to browse — рассматривать, разглядывать

browser — браузер (программа поиска информации)

to provide — обеспечивать (чем-либо)

provider — провайдер (компания, предоставляющая доступ к WWW через местные телефонные сети)

broadcast live — передавать в прямом эфире

site — страница, сайт

to link — соединять

hyperlink — гиперссылка

to compete — соревноваться

Exercise 1. General understanding:

1. What is Internet used for?

2. Why so many activities such as e-mail and business transactions are possible through the Internet?

3. What is World Wide Web?

4. What is Web browser?

5. What does a user need to have an access to the WWW?

6. What are hyperlinks?

7. What resources are available on the WWW?

8. What are the basic recreational applications of WWW?

Exercise 2. Which of the listed below statements are true/false. Specify your answer using the text.

1. There are still not so many users of the Internet.

2. There is information on all sorts of topics on the Internet, including education and weather forecasts.

3. People can communicate through e-mail and chat programs only.

4. Internet is tens of thousands of networks which exchange the information in the same basic way.

5. You can access information available on the World Wide Web through the Web browser.

6. You need a computer (hardware) and a special program (software) to be a WWW user.

7. You move from site to site by clicking on a portion of text only.

8. Every time the user wants to move somewhere on the web he/she needs to step by step enter links and addresses.

9) Films and pictures are not available on the Internet.

10) Radio and TV-broadcasting is a future of Internet. They're not available yet.

Text B HISTORY AND FUTURE OF THE INTERNET.

The Internet technology was created by Vinton Cerf in early 1973 as part of a project headed by Robert Kahn and conducted by the Advanced Research Projects Agency, part of the United States Department of Defence. Later Cerf made many efforts to build and stand­ardise the Internet. In 1984 the technology and the net­work were turned over to the private sector and to gov­ernment scientific agencies for further development. The growth has continued exponentially. Service-provider companies that make «gateways» to the Internet avail­able to home and business users enter the market in ever-increasing numbers. By early 1995, access was available in 180 countries and more than 30 million users used the Internet. The Internet and its technology continue to have a profound effect in promoting the exchange of in­formation, making possible rapid transactions among businesses, and supporting global collaboration among individuals and organisations. More than 100 million computers are connected via the global Internet in 2000, and even more are attached to enterprise internets. The development of the World Wide Web leads to the rapid introduction of new business tools and activities that may lead to annual business transactions on the Internet worth hundreds of billions of dollars.

Text C. A LOT OF KNOWLEDGE IS A DANGEROUS THING FOR ADDICTS OF THE INTERNET.

Information is becoming the drug of the Nineties.

The research, conducted among 1,000 managers in Britain, America, Europe and the Far East shows that, as information sources such as the Internet and cable news channels proliferate, we are witnessing the rise of a generation of dataholics.

The quest for information can lead to stress. Almost two-thirds said their leisure time had been curtailed as a result of having to work late to cope with vast amounts of information; 70 per cent reported loss of job satisfaction and tension with colleagues because of information overload.

The study also investigated the habits of the children of 300 managers and found 55 per cent of parents were concerned their children would become information junkies.

Forty-six per cent of parents believed their children spent more time on their PCs than interacting with friends. In one case a child had to be wheeled with his computer to the dinner table.

Sue Feldman, mother of Alexander, 13, a self-confessed В Internet-addict, said she

had not yet been forced to d wheeling her son and computer to the table, but said she often served him sandwiches and crisps at his bedroom computer.

Alexander switches on his computer every day when he returns from Latymer school in Hammersmith to his home at Ealing, west London. "I'd confess to spending up to four hours a day on the Internet looking for information and speaking to friends. It's like an addiction," Alexander said:

"If I can't get on to my computer or the Internet, I do get really frustrated." He spends most of his time finding out the latest information on pop groups and facts for his homework.

"My parents have to tell me to get off the computer, and they complain a lot, but they also see it as a good thing. Practically everyone in my class has a PC with Internet access so all my friends are also on-line. It's the way forward."

From "The Daily Telegraph "

Vocabulary:

proliferate – быстро увеличиваться quest - поиски curtail - сокращать overload - перегрузка junky - разг. наркоман self-confessed – открыто

frustrated - расстроенный complain – выражать неудовольствие access - доступ trashy - дрянной curriculum - учебный план

Text D. INTERNET ADDICTION

Last week, in a private rehabilitation clinic outside Edinburgh, Leo Edwards, a sixteen-year-old schoolboy, was going through severe withdrawal symptoms. His body often shook violently and uncontrollably, and at mealtimes he regularly threw cups and plates around the dining room. The boy's addiction had nothing to do with alcohol, drugs, gambling or food. His problem was 'Net obsession' - an over- dependency on the Internet.

An international group of psychologists has recently suggested that anyone who surfs the Internet for long periods is clinically ill and needs medical treatment. According to their report, Internet addicts should be treated in the same way as alcoholics, drug addicts, compulsive gamblers and people with eating disorders.

Leo Edwards is not an isolated case. Russell Hopkins, aged fifteen, from Gateshead in north-east England, is a typical online addict. Every day after school, and after dinner until three or four in the morning, he will be found in his room surfing the Net or playing computer games. By the end of the day he will have spent more than six hours online. Understandably, his parents are extremely worried. Not only has his school work suffered, but Russell's addiction has also destroyed his social life and his spare- time interests. For instance, he has just dropped out of his I school's basketball team in order to spend more time at his computer. Instead of spending next weekend having a good time out with friends, he'll be spending it indoors surfing the Internet.

Russell has recently joined an Internet online support group. It may seem ironic that many of the support groups for Internet addicts are online but at least Russell has sought help. Not everyone does. Dr Ann Hoffman, who runs an online support group, says 'People don't realise that being online for more than four hours a day amounts to addiction and that they have a serious problem. I predict that the number of people who join online support groups will have risen dramatically within three years.'

WE LOVE COMPUTERS

It's official - Americans, Asians and Europeans are spending more and more time with their computers. Business executives take their laptops everywhere, teens spend an increasing amount of time glued in front of them... we just can't seem to live without them anymore!

Many new computers come equipped with a wireless LAN (local area network) card. This means you can surf the net without being plugged into a particular place, you just have to be near the source of the network. But now mobile phone companies are trying to go one stage further and with cellular PC cards, they hope people will be able to surf the net anywhere.

But is it a good thing to constantly be on a computer and be a complete 'nethead*'? Studies have shown that some people have partly lost their social skills from only communicating by email. On the other hand, the ability to just send short messages has increased communication between some people. And it can't be denied that computers are likely to play increasingly crucial roles in our lives.

Could you pass the British GCSE*in technology exam?

Answer the following questions:

1. What is meant by a computer network?

2. Why should you change your password regularly?

3. Why do you need to type your password in twice when you change it?

4. What is RAM used for?

5. What is the largest measurement of memory? (a. a gigabyte; b. a kilobyte; c. a megabyte)

6. Name three things in addition to a computer that you would need for a video conference

7. What is meant by a computer 'crashing'?

8. What type of computer application is an accountant most likely to use to analyse and display data? (a. a desktop publishing package; b. a spreadsheet; c. email)

Are you linked up to your computer? (Answer these questions to find out if you are able to live without your computer)

1. You enjoy reading computer manuals Y / N

2. You can name 6 websites that you visit regularly Y / N

3. You feel like a 'Billy-no-mates'* if you don't receive a certain number of emails a day Y / N

4. You have changed your screensaver more than 9 times in the past 6 months Y / N

5. Half way through watching a film, you start thinking about your computer Y / N

6. You send more e-cards than real cards at Christmas Y / N

* nethead – person who is always on the Internet

* GCSE – general certificate of secondary education

* Billy-no-mates – person with no friends

Read the text and answer the questions.

1. How did Leo respond to withdrawal from the Internet?

2. What do some psychologists compare Internet addicts to?

3. How is Russell a typical Internet addict?

4. What two things has he stopped doing?

5. What does Dr Hoffman predict?

Exercise 2. Discuss

1. Do you think that Internet addiction is possible?

2. How would you stop or prevent this kind of addiction?

GRAMMAR.