МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ АВТОНОМНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ

ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«Национальный исследовательский ядерный университет «МИФИ»

Технологический институт – филиал НИЯУ МИФИ

Кафедра иностранных языков и.В. Плюхина

УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

по дисциплине

«ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК»

для студентов направления 220400 Управление в технических системах.

Профиль подготовки Информационные технологии и аппаратные средства управления в технических системах.

очной формы обучения.

Утверждено на заседании кафедры

02 июня 2012 г.

Лесной 2012И.В. Плюхина. Учебно-методическое пособие.– Свердловская область, г. Лесной, 2012– 43с.

Пособие предназначено для студентов I и II курса, обучающихся по специальности 220400 Управление в технических системах. Профиль подготовки Информационные технологии и аппаратные средства управления в технических системах. Оно состоит из 5 циклов, построенных по единому принципу, которые содержат основной текст, грамматические и лексические упражнения, задания для активизации навыков устной речи, а также дополнительные тексты для ознакомительного и просмотрового чтения.

UNIT 1.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING.

Text A. CHARLES BABBAGE.

(1792 – 1871)

The Englishman designed the first modern digital computer, but he never built it. He did build other useful devices, though, including a submarine.

CHARLES BABBAGE, MASTER INVENTOR.

English mathematician Charles Babbage designed the first modern computer in the 1830’s. He

called it an analytical engine.

If Babbage had been able to get enough money to build the computer, the analytical engine would have been as big as a locomotive. It would have been able to store 1,000 /50 – digit numbers. That was unheard of back then – even though today’s machines can store millions of times of information.

Charles Babbage was born the day after Christmas in 1792. As a child, he liked to take toys apart to see how they were made. He loved to work with math problems. He eventually became a professor at Cambridge University in England.

Babbage could be mean, and he sometimes yelled at people who disagreed with him. But he had a brilliant mind.

In addition to designing the forerunner of today’s digital computer, Babbage invented a railroad signal system, a device for examining eyes, a submarine and a system of flashing lights for lighthouses.

During the 70 years following Babbage’s death in 1871 computer scientists improved on Babbage’s original idea.

Exercise 1. Choose the sentence according to the text.

a) Babbage built the first modern digital computer. b) Babbage designed the first digital computer. с) Babbage did not build any useful devices.

Exercise 2. Complete the sentence according to the text.

1. Babbage called the device designed by him…

a) analytical engine

b) modern computer

c) information machine

2. This Englishman lived in the…

a) 17^th century

b) 18^th century

c) 19^th century

Exercise 3. Choose the sentence which doesn't correspond to the text.

a) Babbage invented a railroad signal system.

b) Babbage built a submarine.

c) He didn't love to work with math problems.

d) Babbage designed a forerunner of today's digital computers.

Exercise 4. Choose the proper answer to the question according to the text.

Did Babbage eventually become a professor at Harvard University ?

a) No, he became a professor at Cambridge University.

b) Practically, he didn't become a professor at all.

c) Well, he eventually become a professor at Stanford.

Text B. NOLAN BUSHNELL (BORN IN 1943)

The father of home video games. He built Pong in 1972, starting the videogame craze that led to today’s powerful super systems.

During the 1950’s and 1960’s, computers improved enormously. Still, only big businesses, universities and the military had them. Then in 1972 the videogame erase began. Computers were scaled down to small boxes, using electronic circuitry instead of the Mark I's switches. They could do more than analyze data. They could play games.

The first big hit was a simple game called Pong. Two players sat in front of a television screen where a “ball”- a point of light – bounced back and forth. Using knobs on a cabinet, the players could hit the ball with inch-long “paddles” on the screen.

Pong was created by Nolan Bushnell, who grew up near Salt Lake City, Utah. He loved to tinker with machines and became an electrical engineer. He played primitive computer games that were even older than Pong.

"I built it with my own two hands and a soldering-iron”, Bushnell said of his creation of the first Pong games.

In 1972 Bushnell founded Atari Inc. in Sunnyvale, Calif., to build Pong games. By 1975 there were

150,000 Pong games in American homes.

Vocabulary

Pong – понг (электронная телевизионная игра)

craze - повальное увлечение

to scale down - уменьшать

circuitry - схема

hit - успех

to bounce - подпрыгивать

back and forth - взад и вперед

knob - кнопка

cabinet - ящик радиоприемника

to hit – ударять

inch-long – длиной в один дюйм

paddle - ракетка

to tinker - возиться

soldering-iron – паяльник

creation – творение

Inc.= Incorporation - корпорация

to launch - начинать

financial - финансовый

record - отчет

to involve - развиваться

high-tech - высокоразвитая техника

to popularize - популяризировать

mouse - мышка

hand-controlled - управляемый вручную

cursor - стрелка, курсор

Exercise 1. Choose the sentence according to the text.

a) During the 1950's and 1960’s computers improved very little.

b) The videogame craze began in 1962.

c) Only big businesses, universities and the military had computers in the 60’s.

Exercise 2. Complete the sentence according to the text.

Two players sat in front of a TV screen and …

a) hit the ball with a point of light on the screen

b) hit the knobs on a cabinet

c) manipulate the ball with the help of inch-long "paddles".

Exercise 3. Choose the sentence which doesn't correspond to the text.

1. Bushnell created his first. Pong games with the help of the latest technology.

2. Bushnell loved to tinker with machines.

3. In 1972 Bushnell founded Atari Inc. in Sunny vale, Calif., to build Pong games.

4. He built his first Pong Games with his own two hands and a soldering iron.

Exercise 4. Choose the proper answer to the question according to the text.

How many Pong games were there in American homes by 1975?

1. 150,000

2. 1,500

3. 15,000

Text C:HOWARD AIKEN (1900 – 1973)

He built the Mark I, the first working dig-ital computer. A brilliant inventor, he was not a good fortune-teller. Said Aiken in l947: "There will never be enough problems, enough work for more than one or two of these computers”

Howard Aiken A Step Toward Today

In 1944, Harvard University physicist Howard Aiken built the forerunner of today's computer.

Aiken's Mark I was the first working digital binary computer. It used thousands of electrical switches that clicked on and off to compute data. When it was running, the switches sounded like the clicking of knitting needles.

Howard Aiken grew up poor in Indianapolis, Ind. He had to work his way through school, but he made it through Harvard.

Aiken, like Charles Babbage, had a prickly personality. While his computer, the Mark I, was being built, he drove the workers like slaves.

For 16 years the Mark I was used to solve the complex equations needed to aim the

U.S. Navy's big guns. But it was much slower than later computers, which use electronic components instead of switches.

Vocabulary:

message – сообщение, послание

highway - магистраль

digital computer – цифровая вычислительная

машина

device - устройство

submarine – подводная лодка

engine - машина

to store - хранить,вмещать

digit number – однозначное число

to take apart – разбирать на части

eventually - со временем

mean - плохой

to yell - кричать

forerunner – предшественник

railroad - железная дорога

flashing light - сигнальный свет

lighthouse - маяк

fortune-teller - предсказатель

binary - двоичный

switch - переключатель

to click on (off) – включаться (выключаться) со щелчком to compute - вычислять data - данные

knitting needle - спица (вязальная) prickly - колючий to drive - перегружать работой slave - раб

equation - уравнение to aim - целить gun – орудие

Exercise 1. Complete the sentence according to the text.

1. Howard Aiken thought ...

1. there would never be enough work for computers.

2. that computers would be a part. of our future.

3. that people wouldn't do without computers in the nearest future

2. Howard Aiken was …

1. a good fortune-teller.

2. right as far as future application of computers was concerned.

Exercise 2. Chose the sentences which doesn't correspond to the text

1. Harvard University physicist H. Aiken built the forerunner of today's computer.

2. The first working digital binary computer used thousands of electrical switches.

3. Aiken's Mark was quicker than later computers with electronic components.

Exercise 3. Choose the proper answer to the question according to the text.

For what purpose was the Mark I used ?

1. The Mark I was used the U S Navy.

2. The Mark I was used to solve the complex equations in the Universities.

3. The Mark I was used for making electronic components.

Text D : STEVE WOZNIAK (BORN IN 1950)

AND

STEVEN JOBS (BORN IN 1955)

Working out of a garage, the young video game fanatics invented the Apple computer in 1976. The age of home computers was born.

One of Atari’s early employees was 19 -year-old Steven Jobs. He and a friend, Steve Wozniak, who worked for another computer company, both loved video games.

Jobs and Wozniak dreamed of a personal computer, one that could do more than play games. From this dream, Apple Computer Company started in family garage.

In 1977 Jobs and Wozniak sold their first Apple II, which launched the personal computer industry. By 1985 they had sold more than two million Apple II’s.

The Apple II was more than a toy. People could use it to write letters, keep financial records and teach their children. And, yes, they could play games on it. The Apple II evolved into today's high- tech Macintosh computers. These computers popularized the use of the mouse, the hand-controlled device that moves the cursor on a computer display.

Text E: BILL GATES (BORN IN 1955)

He created the first software - the programs that help personal computers process different information. As founder of Microsoft Inc., he is now one of the richest men in America.

Bill Gates, the Software King

Most of the computers in the world use software invented by Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft. Inc. of Redmond, Wash. Software is the set of programs that make computers – whether business or personal – perform various tasks.

Gates was born in Seattle, Wash., in 1955. As a boy, he was bright and curious. He was active in Scouting, reaching Life Scout rank in Troop 186. He especially loved hiking, camping and other outdoor adventures.

But Gates was obsessed with computers. While a student at Harvard University in 1975, Gates and a friend, Paul Allen, developed a computer language for an early version of the personal computer. Microsoft was born. Gates went on to develop operating system, such as MS-DOS, and software programs.

Thanks to Microsoft, Gates is now one of the richest men in America. He is worth more than $ 8 billion.

A technical wizard and a fierce business competitor, Gates sees great thins ahead for computers. He says they “are really going to change a lot of things in the world -the way we work, the way we play and entertain ourselves and even the way we are educated.”

Vocabulary:

software – программно или математическое обеспечение

to perform – выполнять

curious - любознательный

Scouting - деятельность бойскаутов

Life Scout rank – пожизненный титул бойскаута

troop - отряд

to be obsessed - быть одержимым

to develop - разрабатывать

operating system - система функционирования

worth - обладающий

wizard - чародей, маг

fierce - неистовый

competitor - конкурент

ahead - в будущем

to entertain oneself - развлекаться

to inspire - вдохновлять

huge - огромный

tiny - очень маленький

solid-state - твердый

to predict - предсказывать

wallet-size - величиной с бумажник

PC = personal computer

security system - система безопасности

Exercise 1. Choose the sentence which doesn't correspond to the text

1. Bill Gates was keen on computers.

2. Bill was captured with the ideas of developing computers.

3. Bill was not curious about computers.

Exercise 2. Arrange the sentences properly according to the text.

1. Gates and Alien developed a computer language.

2. As a boy Gates was bright and curious.

3. While a student at Harvard University Gates was obsessed with computers.

4. Gates went on to develop operating systems.

5. Most of the computers in the world use software invented by Bill Gates.

Exercise 3. Complete the sentence according to the text.

Software is.....

1. a computer language for the personal computer.

2. the way we work and even the way we are educated.

3. the set of programs that make computers perform tasks.

Text E. TYPES OF COMPUTERS.

How big do you think a computer is? Computers come in many different sizes. A computer can be big enough to fill a room about the size of a school hall, or small enough to rest on your knees.

The largest computers are called mainframe computers. They are found in the head offices of banks and other large companies. Many of the bills that arrive at your home, such as gas and electricity bills, have been calculated and printed by mainframe computers. Mainframes work very fast, can do lots of different jobs and have very large memories in which they can store programs and data.

Mainframe computers use a great deal of energy and give off a lot of heat. Special air-conditioned, dust-free offices are built to house them.

From mainframe to microcomputer

Early computers were all mainframes. They took a long time to build and were difficult to repair if they broke down. Each part had to be wired separately to other parts. Then, in the 1960s, everything changed. The integrated circuit was developed. The integrated circuit could combine thousands of electronic parts in one small piece. So smaller computers could be built. These minicomputers were about the size of a cupboard. Minicomputers have smaller memories than modern mainframes, but they are far more powerful.

Minicomputers cannot store as much data as mainframes but are more powerful than microcomputers.

The next step forwards came in 1971 when an American company made the first microprocessor. This is a type of integrated circuit that combines thousands of different parts in one small unit. Soon, microprocessors were being used in personal computers, or microcomputers, which were small enough to fit onto a desk. Chips made it possible for millions of people to have pocket calculators and computers at home.

Microcomputers have smaller memories than minicomputers or mainframes, but they can be connected to extra equipment.

Personal computers cannot do as much work, or do it as quickly, as mainframes or minicomputers. But they work hard and fast enough for the needs of most people using a computer at home, at school or in a small office.

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

GRAMMAR.