III. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the suggested words: image, involves, across; crayons; scribbling.

Drawing is a means of making a picture , using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques. It generally making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool a surface. Common tools are graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, , charcoals, pastels, and markers. Digital tools which simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are: line drawing, hatching, cross-hatching, random hatching, , stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a draftsman or draughtsman.

Exercise 2. Compose a story on one of the topics (up to 100 words):

1. The humanities are academic disciplines .

2. Philosophy — etymologically, the "love of wisdom"

3. The study of languages forms the backbone of modern study of the humanities.

Lesson 3 Read the text: Art Fundamentals . Elements of art.

Art is the product or process of deliberately arranging items (often with symbolic significance) in a way that influences and affects one or more of the senses, emotions, and intellect. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression, including music, literature, film, photography, sculpture, and paintings. The meaning of art is explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics, whereas disciplines such as anthropology, sociology and psychology analyze its relationship with humans and generations.

Traditionally, the term art was used to refer to any skill or mastery. This conception changed during the Romantic period, when art came to be seen as "a special faculty of the human mind to be classified with religion and science". Generally, art is made with the intention of stimulating thoughts and emotions.

The elements of art are a commonly used group of aspects of a work of art used in teaching and analysis, in combination with the principles of art Objects placed at a distance are rendered with less details, clarity, and intensity than closer ones. Three-dimensional space work is created with the help of shading, which gives it a feeling of depth. Space can also be created by overlapping objects.

Texture

Texture is the quality of a surface. It can be real or created with lines, shading, repetition can be used to create different textures as well. For example, if one is portraying certain fabrics, one needs to give the feeling of the right texture so that it closely resembles what the artist is trying to convey.

Form

Form may be created by the forming of two or more shapes or as three-dimensional shape (cube, pyramid, sphere, etc). It may be enhanced by tone, texture and color. Form is considered three-dimensional showing height, width and depth. Examples of these are sculpture, theatre play, figurines. Form (3D) space also is created with the help of shading, which gives it a feeling of depth.

Space

Space is the area provided for a particular purpose. It may have two dimensions (length and width), such as a floor, or it may have three dimensions (length, width, and height). Space includes the background, foreground and middle ground. Space refers to the distances or areas around, between or within components of a piece. There are two types of space: positive and negative space. Positive space refers to the space of a shape representing the subject matter. Negative space refers to the space around and between the subject matter. Space (2D)can also be created by overlapping objects or objects placed at a distances which can be rendered with less detail, clarity, and intensity than the closer ones.

Line

Line is most easily defined as a mark that spans a distance between two points(or the path of a moving point), taking any form along the way. As an art element, line pertains to the use of various marks, outlines and implied lines in artwork and design, most often used to define shape in two-dimensional work. Implied line is the path that the viewer's eye takes as it follows shapes, colors, and form along a path, but may not be continuous or physically connected, such as the line created by a dancer's arms, torso, and legs when performing an arabesque.

Color

Color pertains to the use of hue in artwork and design. Defined as primary colors (red, yellow, blue) which cannot be mixed in pigment from other hues, secondary colors (green, orange, purple) which are directly mixed from combinations of primary colors. Further combinations of primary and secondary colors create tertiary (and more) hues. Tint and Shade are references to adding variations in Value; other tertiary colors are derived by mixing either a primary or secondary color with a neutral color. e.g Red + White = Pink.

Value

Value pertains to the use of light and dark, shade and highlight, in an artwork. Black and white photography depends entirely on value to define its subjects. Value is directly related to contrast. Value is the darkness and lightness of an object depending on how the light is shown.

Shape

Shape pertains to the use of areas in two dimensional space that can be defined by edges, setting one flat specific space apart from another. Shapes can be geometric (e.g.: square, circle, triangle, hexagon, etc.) or organic (such as the shape of a puddle, blob, leaf, boomerang, etc.) in nature. Shapes are defined by other elements of art: Space, Line, Texture, Value, Color, Form.