II. Speaking exercises:

Exercise 2 (suggested questions )

1.What was adopted by masters such as Sandro Botticelli, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci?

2.Where can paintings of human figures be found?

3.Who was influenced by the Italian school in northern Europe?

III. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1.

The 17th century saw the emergence of the great Dutch masters such as the versatile Rembrandt who is especially remembered for his portraits and Bible scenes, and Vermeer who specialized in interior scenes of Dutch life.

Lesson 9

I. Reading exercises:

Exercise 3.

1. Photography is the process of making pictures by means of the action of light.

2. Filmmaking is the process of making a motion-picture, from an initial conception and research, through scriptwriting, shooting and recording, animation or other special effects.

3. Computers have been used as an ever more common tool in the visual art since the 1960s.

4. Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials—typically stone such as marble—or metal, glass, or wood.

Exercise 4.

Computer art is any art in which computers played a role in the production or display of the artwork. Such art can be an image, sound, animation, video, CD-ROM, DVD, video game, website, algorithm, performance or gallery installation. Many traditional disciplines are now integrating digital technologies and, as a result, the lines between traditional works of art and new media works created using computers have been blurred.

II. Speaking exercises:

Exercise 2 (suggested questions )

1. What has also made the clear distinction between visual arts and page layout less obvious?

2. What may an artist combine?

3. What has computer usage blurred?

III. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1.

Printmaking is creating for artistic purposes an image on a matrix which is then transferred to a two-dimensional (flat) surface by means of ink (or another form of pigmentation). Except in the case of a monotype, the same matrix can be used to produce many examples of the print. Historically, the major techniques (also called media) involved are woodcut, line engraving, etching, lithography, and screen printing (serigraphy, silk screening) but there are many others, including modern digital techniques.

Lesson 10

I. Reading exercises:

Exercise 3.

1. The introduction of the proscenium arch in Italy during the 17th century established the traditional theater form that persists to this day.

2. Modern dance began in the late 19th century and early 20th century in response to the restrictions of traditional ballet.

3. With the invention of the motion picture in the late 19th century by Thomas Edison, and the growth of the motion picture industry in Hollywood in the early 20th century, film became a dominant performance medium throughout the 20th and 21st centuries.

4. Rhythm and blues, a cultural phenomenon of black America became to prominence in the early 20th century, influencing a range of later popular music styles internationally.

Exercise 4.

In the 15th century performing arts, along with the arts in general, saw a revival as the Renaissance began in Italy and spread throughout Europe plays, some of which incorporated dance were performed and Domenico da Piacenza was credited with the first use of the term ballo (in De Arte Saltandi et Choreas Ducendi) instead of danza (dance) for his baletti or balli which later came to be known as Ballets. The first Ballet per se is considered to be Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx's Ballet Comique de la Reine (1581).