4. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations.

Academic disciplines, originate, be traced to, the Age of Enlightenment, industrial and political revolutions, current debate, a basic definition, social phenomena, personal interpretation, synthesise, prejudiced ideologies, unethical ways, beneficial public policy, government and military institutions, be utilised by.

5. Find words and phrases in the text which have the opposite meaning.

Minor, practitioner, immoral, ethical, past, safety, private, useless, narrow, praise, impersonal, humanities, used, frequent, harmless, similar.

6. Work with a partner to complete the word families in the table below. Check your answers in the text.

verb	noun (person)	noun (thing, concept)	adjective
	investigator
	------------------		attempted
---------------	scientist
	------------------		emphatic
---------------	intellectual
---------------	-----------------	danger
benefit	------------------
	developer
broaden	------------------
----------------	positivist

7. Translate the following words and phrases into Russian. Illustrate what they mean in the sentences of your own.

Society, scientific discipline, several branches of social science, arts and humanities, establish, broad view, moral considerations, sub-topic, emphasis on, lead to the advent of, overlapping interests, concern oneself.

8. Find terms in the text that mean the following.

1. A period of time ranging from part of the 17 century through much of the 18 century, characterised particularly by the importance of logic and reason

2. The study of humans, their origins, physical characteristics, institutions, religious beliefs, social relationships, etc.

3. A body of ideas that reflects the beliefs and interests of a nation, political system, etc. and underlies political action

4. A plan of action adopted or pursued by an individual, government, party, business, etc.

5. A subdivision or subsidiary section of something larger or more complex

6. The way in which someone explains or understands an event, information, someone’s actions, etc.

7. The sciences collectively that are involved in the study of the physical world and its phenomena

8. The executive policy-making body of a political unit, community, etc.; ministry or administration

9. Systematic investigation to establish facts or principles or to collect information on a subject

10. A formal discussion or dispute in which opposing arguments are put forward