Unit 12 Theme: Modern cartography Grammar: The Sequence of Tenses

Objectives: By the end of this unit, students should be able to use active vocabulary of this theme in different forms of speech exercises. Students should be better at discussing “Modern cartography”. Students should know the rules of The Sequence of Tenses

Methodical instructions: This theme must be worked out during three lessons a week according to timetable.

Lexical material: Introduce and fix new vocabulary on theme « Modern cartography ».

Grammar: Introduce and practice the Sequence of Tenses

ggggThe Vertical Perspective projection was first used by the German map publisher Matthias Seutter in 1740. He placed his observer at ~12,750 km distance. This is the type of projection used today by Google Earth hhhhThe final form of the Equidistant Conic projection was constructed by the French astronomer Joseph-Nicolas Delisle in 1745. hhhhThe Swiss mathematician Johann Lambert invented several hemispheric map projections. In 1772 he created the Lambert Conformal Conic and Lambert AzimuthalgEqual-Areapprojections. ggggThe Albers Equal-Area Conic projection features no distortion along standard parallels. It was invented by Heinrich Albers in 1805. In the United States in the 17th and 18th centuries, explorers mapped trails and army engineers surveyed government lands. Two agencies were established to provide more detailed, large-scale mapping. They were the U.S. Geological Survey and the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (now the National Geodetic Survey under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association). The Greenwich prime meridian became the international standard reference forgcartographersging1884. ggggDuring the 1900s, maps became more abundant due to improvements in printing and photography that made production cheaper and easier. Airplanes made it possible to photograph large areas at a time. ggggTwo-Point Equidistant projection was first drawn up by Hans Maurer in 1919. In this projection the distance from any point on the map to either of the twogregulatinggpointsgisgaccurate. ggggThe Loximuthal projection was constructed by Karl Siemon in 1935 and refinedgbygWaldogToblerging1966. ggggSince the mid-1990s, the use of computers in mapmaking has helped to store, sort, and arrange data for mapping in order to create map projections.

Topical vocabulary

1. observer наблюдательный прибор

2. hemispheric map карта полусферы

1. distortion искажение

2. trails путь, след

3. large-scale mapping крупномасштабная картография

4. abundant обильный, богатый

5. refined очищенный, рафинированный

Read and translate the text.

Ex 2. Answer the questions according to the text:

1. Who invented several hemispheric map projections?

2. What was invented in 1805?

3. When did the maps become more abundant due to improvements in printing and photography that made production cheaper and easier?

4. What helped to photograph large areas at a time?

5. Did the computers change mapmaking and how?

Ex.3. Summarize the text using dates, f. e. in 1745…….., in 1772……

Ex 4. Give the Russian equivalents for the following words and word combinations:

To invent, to survey, to arrange, to provide mapping, to be drawn up, regulating points in the map, to be constructed by, to create map projections.

Ex.. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text.

1. The Vertical Perspective projection was first used by the German map publisher Matthias Seutter in …...

2. The final form of the Equidistant Conic projection was constructed by ……….. Joseph-Nicolas Delisle in 1745.

3. The Albers Equal-Area Conic projection features no distortion along ……...

4. Two …….. were established to provide more detailed, large-scale mapping.

5. The Greenwich prime meridian became….. ……. reference forgcartographersging1884.

6. During the …..s, maps became more abundant due to improvements in printing and photography that made production cheaper and easier.

7. Two-Point Equidistant projection was first drawn up by Hans Maurer in …..

8. The Loximuthal projection was constructed by….. in 1935 and refinedgbygWaldogToblerging1966.

9. Since the mid-1990s, the use of computers in mapmaking has helped to …, …., and …… data for mapping in order to create map projections.

Grammar: Sequence of Tenses.

• If the verb in the principal clause is in one of the past tenses, a past tense (or future –in-the-past) must be used in the subordinate clause. The action expressed in the subordinate clause can be simultaneous with the action expressed in the principal clause ,prior or posterior to that of the principal clause.

• Simultaneous Action

I knew that he lived in Kiev (он живет в Киеве)

He said that they were waiting for us (они ждут нас)

I knew that he had been living in Kiev since 1946 (он живет в Киеве с 1946)

He said (that) he had known her for two years (он знает ее 2 года)

• Prior Action -

He said that he had already left Astana (он уже уехал из Астаны)

I knew that - it had been raining (что шел дождь)

He said that she had been ill for two weeks (она болела две недели)

• Future Action

I knew that they would arrive on Sunday (они приедут в воскресенье)

He said that they would be working at 6 (в 6 они будут работать)

I knew that he would have translated the article by Monday

(он уже переведет эту статью к понедельнику)

• Study how the Tenses are changed according

to the rule of the Sequence of Tenses.

Present Indefinite – Past Indefinite

Present Continuous – Past Continuous

Present Perfect – Past Perfect

Past Indefinite – Past Perfect (or stays the same)

Past Continuous - Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect – (does not change)