Unit 8 Theme: Volume. Time. Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech

Objectives: By the end of this unit, students should be able to use active vocabulary of this theme in different forms of speech exercises.

Students should be better at discussing Volume. Time.

Students should know the rule Direct and Indirect Speech

Methodical instructions: This theme must be worked out during three lessons a week according to timetable.

Lexical material: Introduce and fix new vocabulary on theme “Volume. Time..” Discuss in groups Evolution of composite methods for revealing the volume of building.

Grammar: Introduce and practice Direct and Indirect Speech

Space figures

First glance:

Space figures are figures whose points do not all lie in the same plane. In this unit, we'll study the polyhedron, the cylinder, thecone, and the sphere.

Polyhedrons are space figures with flat surfaces, called faces, which are made of polygons. Prisms and pyramids are examples of polyhedrons.

Cylinders, cones, and spheres are not polyhedrons, because they have curved, not flat, surfaces. A cylinder has two parallel, congruent bases that are circles. A cone has one circular base and a vertex that is not on the base. A sphere is a space figure having all its points an equal distance from the center point.

Move your mouse cursor over each type of space figure to learn more.

In depth:

The space that we live in has three dimensions: length, width, and height. Three-dimensional geometry, or space geometry, is used to describe the buildings we live and work in, the tools we work with, and the objects we create.

First, we'll look at some types of polyhedrons. A polyhedron is a three-dimensional figure that has polygons as its faces. Its name comes from the Greek "poly" meaning "many," and "hedra," meaning "faces." The ancient Greeks in the 4th century B.C. were brilliant geometers. They made important discoveries and consequently they got to name the objects they discovered. That's why geometric figures usually have Greek names!

We can relate some polyhedrons - and other space figures as well - to the two-dimensional figures that we're already familiar with. For example, if you move a vertical rectangle horizontally through space, you will create a rectangular or square prism.

If you move a vertical triangle horizontally, you generate a triangular prism. When made out of glass, this type of prism splits sunlight into the colors of the rainbow.

Now let's look at some space figures that are not polyhedrons, but that are also related to familiar two-dimensional figures. What can we make from a circle? If you move the center of a circle on a straight line perpendicular to the circle, you will generate a cylinder. You know this shape--cylinders are used as pipes, columns, cans, musical instruments, and in many other applications.

A cone can be generated by twirling a right triangle around one of its legs. This is another familiar space figure with many applications in the real world. If you like ice cream, you're no doubt familiar with at least one of them!

A sphere is created when you twirl a circle around one of its diameters. This is one of our most common and familiar shapes--in fact, the very planet we live on is an almost perfect sphere! All of the points of a sphere are at the same distance from its center.

There are many other space figures--an endless number, in fact. Some have names and some don't. Have you ever heard of a "rhombicosidodecahedron"? Some claim it's one of the most attractive of the 3-D figures, having equilateral triangles, squares, and regular pentagons for its surfaces. Geometry is a world unto itself, and we're just touching the surface of that world. In this unit, we'll stick with the most common space figures.

Ex. 1. Answer the questions:

1) What polyhedron is formed by moving a vertical square horizontally through space?

Answer: a square prism

2) What space figure has a single vertex? Answer: a cone

3) What space figure has two parallel bases that are circle? Answer: a cylinder

4) What space figure has all its points at the same distance from an interior center point? Answer: a sphere

5) A soup can is an example of what type of space figure? Answer: a cylinder

6) If a vertical hexagon is moved horizontally through space, what type of polyhedron is formed? Answer: a hexagonal prism

Ex. 2. Are these statements true or false? True False Feedback

A polyhedron has only four faces.

A prism is a pyramid.

A pyramid is a type of polyhedron.

A cylinder is a type of polyhedron.

All the points of a sphere are an equal distance

from its center.

A triangular prism has 5 faces.

A polyhedron's faces are all flat surfaces.

l yhedron.

Ex. 3. Tell the history of inventing of three-dimensional compositions.

Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech

Indirect Speech is formed according to the Rule of Sequence of Tenses. The Verbs most commonly used to introduce the reported speech are: to tell, to say, to add, to notice, to explain, to inform, to remind, etc. Note: to say smth. (to smb); to tell smb.smth.

Tom said, “My brother is learning to drive.” (The Present Continuous Tense)

Tom said that his brother was learning to drive (The Past Continuous Tense)

Marat said, “Sometimes I go home by tram.” (The Present Indefinite Tense)

Marat said that sometimes he went home by tram. (The Past Indefinite Tense)

The teacher told John, “You didn’t write exercise two” (The Past Indefinite Tense)

The teacher told John that he hadn’t written exercise two. (The Past Perfect Tense)

Bob Said, “My uncle has just arrived from Paris.” (The Present Perfect Tense)

Bob said that his uncle had just arrived from Paris. (The Past Perfect Tense)

If the reporting verb is in the present, the tenses that follow are usually the same as those used in the original statement.

An order or request in indirect speech is expressed by the infinitive. The verbs most commonly used to introduce indirect orders are: to tell, to order, to command. Requests are usually introduced by the verb to ask. More emotional forms are: to beg, to implore, to urge.

My teacher said to me: “Remember these grammar rules!” My teacher told me to remember these grammar rules.

Ex.4. Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.

1. Jack told his father, "I hope to pass the examination". 2. Henry said to me, "The teacher is listening to us". 3. Bob said to Tom, "I made no mistakes in the last dictation". 4. I told the policeman, "I saw the thief in the garden". 5. He said, "I have not read many English books". 6. Jack's father said to him, "You have not cleaned your shoes". 7. Mary said, "I do not want to wear my old dress". 8. My mother said to me, "I feel very tired and I have a headache".

Ex. 5.Choose the correct word from those in brackets.

1. My grandmother always ... me about her childhood. (says/ tells) 2. “Don’t do that!” she ... them. (said/told)

3. Did she ... you where she had put my books? (say/tell) 4. When I was introduced to 6the actor he ... a few words about to me. (said/ told) 5. That little boy is very bad. He ... a lot of lies. ( says/tells) 6. She ... to me she didn’t know what to do. (said/told) 7. He often ... things like that. (says/tells)

Ex. 6. Change the following sentences into Direct Speech.

1. My sister said that she had not got a watch. 2. The teacher told his students that he was pleased with their work. 3. I told him that I had not seen his brother for a long time. 4. I told my mother that Henry was studying medicine at the university. 5. She told the grocer that he did not want any sugar. 6. We told the teacher that we did not understand his questions. 7. I told the taxi - driver that he was driving too fast. 8. He said that her children were playing in the garden.

Ex.7. A) Read this report of a conversation.

I had a row with my wife last night. We don't usually row about anything, but when we do, it's usually about money. It was all about the gas bill. You see, I thought she'd paid it, but when I got home there was a letter saying the gas would be cut off. She thought I'd paid it, so the bill had just been there for a month. I tried to explain that he usually pays the bills because 1 pay the rent, which is a lot, of course, but she just accused me of spending my money on things for me while she had to spend all her money on things for the house. Anyway, we sorted it out in the end. I paid it.

B) From this report, write the dialogue between the husband and wife.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ex.8. Mrs Ford is talking to Mr Todd, who works for a finance company. She wants a loan. Write in the

questions he asks her.

Mr Todd Come and sit down, Mrs Ford.

Mrs Ford Thank you.

Mr Todd (a) _______________________.

Mrs Ford Two thousand five hundred pounds.

Mr Todd (b) ___________________________.

Mrs Ford I want to buy a car.

Mr Todd I see. Could you give me some personal details? (c) ___________________________

Mrs Ford I'm a computer operator.

Mr Todd (d) ______________________________.

Mrs Ford Twelve thousand pounds a year.

Mr Todd (e) ______________________________.

Mrs Ford Yes, 1 am. I've been married for SLX years.

Mr Todd (f) _________________________________.

Mrs Ford Yes, we have two children.

Mr Todd I see you live in a flat. Is it yours, or (g) _____________________

Mrs Ford No, it's ours.

Mr Todd (h) ___________________________.

Mrs Ford We've lived there for three years.

Mr Todd Well, that seems fine. I don't think there'll be any problems. (i) __________________

Mrs Ford I'd like it immediately, if that's possible.

Mr Todd All right. Let's see what we can do.

Mrs Ford Thank you very much.

Grammar: The Passive Voice

Grammar: The Passive Voice.

		to be + Participle II
Tense	Active		Passive
Present Past Future (Indefinite)	ask asked will ask		am/is/are asked was/were asked will be asked
Present Past Future (Continuous)	am /is/are asking was/ were asking will be asking		am/is/are being asked was/were being asked - ---
Present Past Future (Perfect)	have/has asked had asked will have asked		have/has been asked had been asked will have been asked

• We use the passive when it is not so important (or unknown) who or what did the action. We use the passive only when we don’t know or don’t want to say who did it.

My article was published yesterday. Rome wasn’t built in one day.

• Only the verbs which take an object can go into the passive. Intransitive verbs can’t be used in the Passive Voice. They are: to fly, to arrive, to be, to become, to have, to lack, to possess, to consist, to belong, to hold, to suit, to resemble, to fit, to appear, to seem, to come, to go, to last.

• If you want to say who did or what caused the action, use by or with It was destroyed by fire.

Ex.6. Define, what verbs are transitive and what verbs are intransitive?

To go, to take, to find, to lie, to stop, to win, to swim, to come, to speak, to show, to look at, to like ,to discuss, to stand, to spend, to miss, to stay, to listen to, to ski, to use, to change, to recognize, to skate, to hear, to build, to examine, to leave.

Ex.7.Put the sentences into the Passive Voice where possible.

1. Someone will drive you to the airport.2. Goldfish live in fresh water. 3.The Egyptians built pyramids.4. We walked four miles yesterday.5. They arrived at 7. Last night.6. They informed me about it. 7.I slept till 8. 8. It’s raining. 9.They have sold their car to pay the debts.10. They hold a meeting in the village hall once a week. 11. They have proved that there is no life on the Moon.

Ex.8. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Indefinite or Past Continuous Passive.

Example: They shut the window.-The window was shut.

1.The student (ask) to tell the story again.2. Such mistakes (make)by even the best students. 3. A modern tune (play) when we came into the hall. 4.Every morning the workers (tell) what they had to do. 5. The houses (build) of stone, brick and wood. 6.At last the problem (solve) to everyone’s satisfaction.7.A new museum then (open). 8. A week ago two students of our group (choose) for jury service.9.Last Friday he (meet) at the railway station.10.The living –room (sweep),(mop) and (dust). It is clean now.

Ex.9.Express the following sentences in the passive. Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs.

Example: They asked me my name and address.

1. Someone told us a very funny story yesterday. 2.The people gave him a hearty welcome. 3.They have offered my brother a very good job.4.The house agents showed us some very nice flats. 5. The secretary didn't tell me the exact time of my appointment. 6. The teacher hasn’t asked Peter any questions at this lesson.7.People wished the newly married couple a long and happy life.8.They never tell me the family news.9. He didn’t tell me the whole truth.

Ex.10.Open the brackets, using the correct form of the Passive Voice.

1.This copy (not read). The pages (not cut) 2.Why the car (not lock) or (put) into the garage? 3.I’m not wearing my black shoes today. They (mend).4. This room (use) only on special occasions.5. He was taken to hospital this afternoon, and (operate on) tomorrow morning.6. The damaged buildings (reconstruct) now, the reconstruction (finish) by the end of the year. 7.The paintings (exhibit) till the end of the month.8. She heard footsteps, she thought she (follow).9. Normally this street (sweep) every day, but it (not sweep) yesterday.

Ex.11.Translate into English.

1. Дом был отремонтирован, забор был покрашен и много новых фруктовых деревьев было посажено в саду к тому времени когда он вернулся. 2. Она показала мне статью которая была переведена ее братом. 3. Этот завод был построен к маю. 4. К семи часам вчера все документы были готовы. 5. Когда мы получили их телеграмму товары были доставлены в порт. 6.Где сейчас строят это здание? 7.Где строятся такие здания? 8.Когда будет построено это здание? 9.Опять обсуждается этот вопрос? 10.Лекции этого профессора всегда слушают с большим интересом.11.Его всегда любили б и ему всегда доверяли.

Unit 9