A Criminal Case

The attorney for Mr. A has called the forensic psychologist, requesting an evaluation of his client, who is charged with homicide. The forensic psychologist asks for basic details of the crime and requests all records relating to past criminal behavior and past evaluation or treatment for emotional problems. In determining what questions need to be answered, the psychologist asks whether Mr. A admits to committing the crime and whether he has given a statement to the police.

If Mr. A's ability to understand and to waive his Miranda rights (отказаться от прав Миранды) is an issue, a copy of the statement is requested. Other questions will be defined as well. For example, if the attorney is interested in pursuing an insanity defense, then witness and police statements are also requested.

In choosing the tests to be used, the psychologist will generally use both objective and projective personality tests and intelligence tests. In addition to the testing, the psychologist must, on interview, ask questions specifically related to the offense and to the legal issues. For example, if there is a Miranda issue, Mr. A's I.Q., reading level, and level of verbal comprehension will have to be evaluated.

If Mr. A admits the crime and the attorney is considering an insanity defense, Mr. A must be questioned closely about his feelings and behavior prior to, during, and after the act, for the evaluator to offer opinions on intent, knowledge of the "nature and quality of the act," and so forth.

If competency to stand trial is an issue, the psychologist must question Mr. A regarding the functions of the principals in the court process (judge, etc.), the relationship with his attorney, and the possible consequences.

Following the evaluation, the psychologist communicates the findings to the attorney, and usually at this point the attorney decides whether or not to pursue certain legal strategies and/or whether or not to call the psychologist to testify.

The psychologist may be called to testify at pretrial hearings, at the trial itself, and/or at sentencing.

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PASSIVE VOICE

EX.1Supply the correct form of the verb in brackets.

1. There isn't any food left. All of it (eat)!

2. I couldn't wear my suit last Saturday. It (clean).

3. We didn't go to the party on Saturday because we (not/invite).

4. Wine (produce) in many parts of France.

5. I can't find my car anywhere. I think it (steal).

6. By the time I arrived at the concert hall, there were no tickets left. They (all/sell).

7. How many languages (speak) in Switzerland?

8. The Tower of London (build) at the beginning of the eleventh century.

9. "What's going on in the hall?" "The windows (wash)".

10. Our house (break into) last week.

11. We couldn't use the photocopier yesterday morning. It (repair).

12. When (television/ invent)?

13. A compass (use) for showing direction.

14. Have you heard? The old police station (repaint).

15. The 1986 World Cup for soccer (play) in Mexico.

EX. 2 Переведите на русский язык

1. How are brain damages assessed?

2. Neuropsychological evaluations also are used to determine competence to stand trial.

3. The psychologist will be asked: “How confident are you that these results were not faked?”

4. The various forms of disorders are categorized and defined on the basis of this manual.

5. In the early 21st century, adultery is no longer considered a sexual deviancy in broad American society.

EX.3 Paraphrase the following sentences. Give two variants if possible.

e.g. They often show us foreign films at the Institute. We are often shown foreign films at the Institute.

Foreign films are often shown to us at the Institute.

1. They grow rice in this area. 2. They publish newspapers here. 3. They deliver mail in the morning. 4. They import tea from India. 5. They sell shoes in that shop. 6. They speak Italian in Italy. 7. They produce butter on farms. 8. They often send us letters 9. They pay him a lot of money. 10. They don't allow us to smoke here. 11. They teach English, French and German at the courses. 12. They build a lot of houses in our town every year. 13. They hold conferences in the assembly-hall. 14. They give us three les¬sons a day. 15. They don't tell us about their work. 16. They announce news every day. 17. They make lorries at that plant.

EX.4 Translate into English:

1. Какой иностранный язык преподают в вашем институте? 2. Интересно, где издается этот журнал. 3. Я думаю, что эти книги продаются во всех магазинах. 4. Что производится на этой фабрике? 5. Этот список статей рекомендуется для вашей работы. 6. В нашем институте часто демонстрируются зарубежные фильмы. 7. В котором часу закрывается библиотека? 8. Нам не разрешается выносить книги из читального зала. 9. Почту доставляют сюда самолетом? 10. Сегодня ожидается много гостей 11. Ему часто присылают письма.

Существуют следующее типы лексико-семантических замен в переводе:

1. Конкретизация

2. Генерализация

3. Смысловое развитие

1. Конкретизация представляет собой замену слова или словосочетания исходного языка с более широким значением на слово или словосочетание переводящего языка с более узким значением.

Конкретизация применяется в следующих случаях:

1. Лексической единице исходного языка, выражающей широкое понятие, в языке перевода соответствует два или несколько слов, каждое из которых выражает более узкое, сравнительно с первым языком, понятие.

Например, английскому глаголу to таrrу в русском языке соответствуют два слова — жениться и выходить замуж, каждое из которых имеет более узкое значение. И наоборот, русскому существительному рука в английском языке соответствуют два слова — hand и arm.

Например, при переводе фразы Have you had your meal? переводчику приходится конкретизировать слово meal: Вы уже позавтракали? (пообедали, поужинали).