- •Передмова
- •I. Introduction into modern accounting accounting
- •I. Practice in reading these words and word-combinations:
- •II. Read the text.
- •III. Answer the questions based upon the text.
- •IV. Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence.
- •Conversation in a company cafe
- •Read the dialogue in pairs. Be ready to dramatize it with you group mates.
- •II. Imagine that you work as an accountant in a big enterprise. Answer the following questions
- •III. Make up the dialogue about accounting:
- •IV. Translate from Ukrainian into English.
- •The accounting profession
- •I. Practice in reading these words and word-combinations:
- •II. Read the text to find out the main features of accounting profession.
- •III. Use the information from the text to complete the sentences.
- •IV. Answer the questions based on the text given below:
- •Fields of accounting
- •I. Practice in reading these words and word-combinations:
- •II. Read the text to learn about the main fields of accounting.
- •III. Use the information from the text to complete the sentences.
- •IV. Answer the questions after the text
- •Functions of accounting
- •I. Practice in reading these words and word-combinations:
- •II. Read the text to find out the functions of accounting and bookkeeping.
- •III. Complete the sentences using information from the text.
- •IV. Answer the questions after the text.
- •Areas of accounting
- •I. Practice in reading these words and word-combinations:
- •II. Read the text to find out the areas of accounting and their scope of activity.
- •Particular – певний, специфічний
- •III. Complete the sentences using information from the text.
- •IV. Match each term in the left column with the definition in the right column:
- •V. Answer the questions after the text:
- •What kinds of people make good accountants?
- •I. Read the following words:
- •I. Read the text to find out the qualities that make people good accountants.
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Join the following pairs of sentences by using:
- •IV. What particular skills do you think different kinds of accountants need?
- •V. Write a brief description of the qualities needed for the accountant's job so that they are mentioned in order of importance, using the following word-combinations:
- •What is the difference bitween bookkeeping and accounting?
- •I. Practice in reading these words:
- •II. Read the text to find out the differences between the terms “accountant” and “bookkeeper”.
- •Comments
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •II. The nature and purpose of accounting the main users of accounting information
- •I. Read the following words and word-combinations:
- •II. Read the text to find out the needs of different users.
- •Comments
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •Desirable qualities of financial information
- •I. Practice in reading these words and word-combinations:
- •II. Read the text to find out what sort of qualities accounting information should possess to be useful for users.
- •IV. Rearrange the following sentences to make a text.
- •V. Read the text again to answer the following questions:
- •The types and the titles of accounts
- •I. Practice in reading these words and word-combinations:
- •II. Read the text to find out what sort of accounts different companies have.
- •V. Use the information from the text to complete the sentences.
- •VI. Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •The ledger – the main book of accountants
- •I. Practice in reading these words and word-combinations:
- •II. Read the text to find out the information about the history of the ledger appearance and its usage in the accounting practice.
- •III. Rearrange the following sentences to make a text.
- •IV. Use the information from the text to complete the sentences.
- •V. Read the text again to answer the following questions:
- •Accountancy in a free-market economy
- •I. Read the dialogue in pairs. Be ready to dramatize it with your group mates.
- •III. The double-entry system the double entry system – the basic method of accounting
- •I. Practice in reading these words and word-combinations:
- •II. Read the text to find out: 1) when the double-entry system was introduced in Britain and what its significance for accounting practices was; 2) what enterprise in Russia used this system first.
- •VI. Read the first paragraph of the text again to decide which of the following statements best expresses its main idea.
- •V. Read paragraph 2, then complete the following statements.
- •Accounting systems
- •I. Practice in reading these words and word-combinations:
- •II. Read the text to find out what factors influence the choice of an accounting system.
- •IV. Read paragraph 1 again. Which of these phrases best serves as a title for it?
- •VI. Read the text again to answer the following questions.
- •IV. Financial statements accounting communication through financial statements
- •I. Practice in reading these words and word-combinations:
- •II. Read the text to find out through what financial statements accounting information is communicated to users.
- •IV. The following sentences are a summary of paragraph 1, but all its statements are in a mess. Put them into a logical order.
- •VI. Answer the following questions.
- •Financial statements analysis
- •I. Practice in reading these words and word-combinations:
- •I. Read the text to find out why the past and present information is important for future decisions.
- •III. Here are six statements about the text. Some of them are true and some are false. Read each statement and then check the text quickly whether it is true. Do one at a time.
- •Accounts and balance sheets
- •I. Read the following words and word-combinations:
- •The balance sheet
- •I. Read the following words and word-combinations:
- •II. Read the text to find out the basic components of a balance sheet.
- •A bank accountant's job
- •I. Read the dialogue in pairs. Be ready to dramatize it with your group mates.
- •Discussion
- •V. Auditing what is auditing
- •I. Answer the questions to part I:
- •I. Answer the questions to part II:
- •I. Answer the questions to part III:
- •II. Find the English equivalents in the left-hand column for the following words:
- •Auditing and auditors
- •Sample auditor's unqualified opinion
- •I. Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false.
- •II. State which of the following types of opinion an auditor should issue for each example:
- •Discussion
- •VI. Professional terms
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •The work of the accountant
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •To gain
- •Momentous
- •What should a modern accountant be like?
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •From the early history of accounting
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •The faculty of accounting and finance at birmingham university
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •The distinction between auditing and accountancy
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •The role of accounts
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •From the history of the double-entry system
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Accounting conventions and principles
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •The ledger
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Relationships between financial statements
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •A critical appraisal of the balance sheet
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Professional ethics of accountants
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Setting accounting and auditing standards internationally
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •What accounting tasks can be done with a help of a computer?
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Some leading accounting organisations of great britain
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Making a career in accounting
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Accounting in the future
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •The accounting system of great britain and northern ireland: it's general regulatory scheme in relation to ukrainian accounting
- •Vocabulary to be memorized
- •Check yourself. Choose the best alternative to complete the sentence.
- •Reference literature
- •Contents
- •I. Introduction into Modern Accounting
Professional ethics of accountants
Vocabulary to be memorized
belief переконання, віра
code кодекс, ethics code етичний кодекс
conduct поведінка, ethical conduct етична поведінка
common загальний, common norms загальні норми
competence компетентність, professional competence професійна компетентність
confidentiality конфіденційність, секретність
choose вибирати
duties обов'язки, the performance of duties виконання обов'язків, to perform duties in accordance with relevant law виконувати обов'язку відповідно до відповідного закону
to discredit дискредитувати, компрометувати, ганьбити
to differ in ... розрізнятися по ..., to differ in meaning розрізнятися по значенню
integrity чесність, чистота, чесність/непідкупність personal integrity особиста прямота, чесність
guide керівництво
gift дар, пожертвування
favour підтримка, сприяння
just like any other professional group як будь-яка інша професійна група
to maintain підтримувати (зберігати)
regulations правила
to outline намічати (у загальних рисах)
obligation зобов'язання
outperform обігнати за виробничими показниками
reward винагороджувати
to sacrifice жертвувати, to sacrifice one's interests жертвувати своїми інтересами
It suggests ... передбачається ... ethical behaviour suggests ... етична поведінка припускає ...
Suffice it to say Достатньо сказати ...
sensitive тут делікатні, sensitive matters делікатні питання
Read the text to find out what principle underlies all ethical norms including those of professional ethics.
Just like any other professional group, accountants have got their own ethics code. In different countries of the world these codes are generally worked out by professional accounting bodies and used as a guide for accountants in the performance of their duties. Ethics codes are generally based on the international ethical standards set by the International Federation of Accountants. The currently used ethics code was adopted by the IFA in 1998.
Naturally, professional ethics is closely connected with the common norms of ethical behaviour. Ethical behaviour involves loosing actions that are right proper and just. As a rule, people differ in their views of the meaning of ethical terms. However there is a common principle underlying all ethical norms, this principle is expressed by the belief that ethical behaviour suggests willingness to sacrifice one's interests.
Sacrificing one's self-interest for the well-being of other people can be good in a business sense. Suffice it to say, that companies with high ethical standards outperform on the market. The market may therefore reward integrity and ethical conduct. Ethical standards are usually affected by cultural factors and, as such, may vary across the world. That holds true for professional codes of accountants as well. However, in all the countries of the world professional codes of accountants have much in common.
The Ukrainian ethics code outlines the accountant's responsibilities and ethical standards. Thus, all the accountants have an obligation to the organisation they serve, their profession, the public and themselves. They are to maintain a high level of professional competence. This is generally done by the development of their knowledge and skills. Apart from that, accountants are to perform their duties in accordance with relevant laws and regulations. The preparation of clear and complete reports must be done after analyses of relevant and reliable information and for sensitive matters they should be treated with confidentiality.
What is more important, accountants are to maintain personal integrity. They must refrain from engaging or supporting any activity that would discredit the profession. They are also to be objective, because they have a responsibility to communicate information fairly and objectively.
It should be said that most of these ethical rules are motivated by practical considerations. They are of great importance.
Answer the following questions.
What code have accountants got?
Who works out ethics codes for accountants?
What is the importance of these codes for accountants?
What are ethics codes based on in different countries of the world?
Who was the currently used ethics code adopted by?
What is professional ethics connected with?
What does ethical behaviour involve?
Why might sacrificing one's self-interest for the well-being of other people be good in a business sense?
What are professional standards affected by in different countries?
What does the ethics code of accountants outline in Ukraine?
Who have the accountants got an obligation to?
What should accountants do to maintain a high level of professional competence?
How do accountants have to perform their duties?
What must accountants do to maintain personal integrity?