XI. Speak on environmental problems

We could divide the problems into waste issues and resource issues.

waste issues: resource issues

air pollution forests

• smog - over harvesting

• ozone depletion - cutting trees to make

• acid rain pasture and grazing

lands

water pollution soil

• hazardous waste - erosion

• sewage problems - irrigation / desertification

• heavy metals - contamination

• agricultural wastes - over-mining

• polluted water coming wildlife

• into the country from - hunting

• other countries - loss of habitat

- loss of species

solid waste water

• landfills dumps - drought

• incinerators / air pollution - overuse

• plastic / litter energy

• hazardous waste storage - overuse of coal, oil

and gas

- type of energy resources

available

Grammar exercises

Passive Voice

(Indefinite Tense Forms)

This work

Is Was will be must be can be may be

done

every day. yesterday. tomorrow at once at any time today now.

(Perfect Tense Forms)

The telegram has just been sent. This house has been built for a year (since autumn). The work had been done by five o’clock yesterday. Everything will have been arranged by the end of day (by the time he comes back, etc.)

(Continuous Tense Forms)

A new road

Is being Was being

made

There now There when I stayed In this town.

Exercise 1

Read and translate:

Margaret sang a song A song was sung by Margaret.

The policeman caught the thief The thief was caught by the policeman

The teacher taught the class The class was taught by the teacher.

The boys kicked the ball The ball was kicked by the boys.

The grocer sells tea Tea is sold by the grocer.

Cotton grows in Shymkent region. Cotton is grown in Shymkent region.

I' m afraid the fire will destroy I’m afraid those houses will be

those houses. destroyed by the fire.

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences using the following words and word combinations:

The desired level has been achieved...

The living standards are being raised...

The wages were increased...

The plan had been adopted...

last year, already, greatly at that time, before this took place, all over the country, but there is still much to do, it is a great successes had been achieved, before the new people live very well there, because people are doing their best.

Exercise 3

Turn the following sentences using the verbs in the Passive Voice according to the Model.

Model: Someone gave him a newspaper- He was given a newspaper. They promised her a new interesting job.- She was promised a new interesting job.

1. I gave him a book to read. 2. My friend showed me the photos. 3. They teach the group five lessons every day. 4. I threw him the ball. 5. The firm sent him a letter. 6. Someone left me a note. 7. The nurse read the children a fairy- tale.

Exercise 4

These are the passive forms of the Present, Past and Future Tenses. Study the sentences. Translate them into Kazakh.

1. Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving. 2. The problem will be discussed later. 3. My sister is being shown a new video . 4. The letter was given to him at once. 5. The director was being interviewed when I came in. 6. The boy has just been sent to bed. 7. A new park will have been laid out by summer. 8. He found out that the house had been sold to a rich businessman. 9. Have you heard the news? The Governor had been shot. 10. Jane did not know about the change of plans. She had not been told.

Exercise 5

A volcano has erupted in southern Italy. It had lain dormant for over 200 years until yesterday. Here is the report from last night's 9 o' clock news . Underline all the examples of the Passive, then using the report complete the sentences.

"Here I am standing on top of a pile of rubble. Yesterday it was a school. It seems that over 2000 people have been found so far. Many hundreds more have still to be traced. The volcano erupted just as every one in this sleepy little town was having breakfast. Some were killed by the blast and the heat. Some were killed when their houses collapsed-they were buried alive in the rubble. Children were killed as they were being driven to school by their parents. Most of the people who died had been born here, and had lived all their lives in this village. The blast was felt 50 miles away. As we look out from this scene of chaos to the beautiful hills and mountains around, it is difficult to believe what has happened. Lives which were happy have been ruined, families which were happy have been split up, a whole community has been destroyed. This is Michael Buck for the 9 o'clock news at the scene of the disaster."

1. Many people have not yet been...

2. Because so many building fell down, lots of people were.... alive.

3. Many of the children were in cars which were being by their parents.

4. The effects of the eruption were....by people living many miles from the scene.

5. The school has been... .

6. Most of the dead were people who had been ... in the area.

7. Because so many families have been ... up, the community has been....

8. It may be weeks before we know how many people have been ... .

Exercise 6.

Sometimes the best way to say what we want to say is to use the Active:

I didn't lose my watch.....

And sometimes the best way to say what we mean is to use the Passive:

It was stolen by someone at the party.

Write a passive sentence in each of the following examples.

1. Her husband didn't die (murder)

2. I didn't jump. (push)

3. Everyone thinks I resigned, but I didn't. (sack)

4. I didn't leave, you know (ask to leave).

5. People think I taught myself to play the guitar. (teach/ by Nurlan).

Exercise 7

Supply the sentences with by or with.

1. The Gondbruch "was directed... Charlie Chaplain.

2. These photos were taken ... a very cheap camera.

3. The gate was opened ... one of the girls.

4. The cake was made ... dried fruit.

5. The cake will be made... my aunt.

6. I was hit ... umbrella.

7. I was hit ... an old lady.

8. The garage was painted ...a new kind of paint.

9. The garage was painted ... a friend of mine.

Exercise 8

Choose the right form (Active or Passive).

1. The book is being discussed / is discussing now.

2. The children are being played / are playing football in the yard.

3. This fact was mentioned / mentioned by many people.

4. Our car is usually repaired /repairs in Mike Anderson's garage

5. The children have been put to bed / will put to bed by their nurse.

6. All my questions were answered / will answer after classes.

7. The flowers will be watered / are watering in the evening.

8. My parents aren't approved of / don't approve of heavily made up girls.

9. The suit – cases had been packed / had packed by 6 o'clock as the train started / was started at 7 p.m.

10. The house didn't live in / was not lived in autumn and winter.

11. The garden looks after very well/ is well looked after.

12. Doctors send for / are sent for when people feel unwell.

Exercise 9

Read the legend and say what holiday it is connected with. Find the verbs used in the Passive Voice.

Once upon a time there was a big forest through which many travelers went to get to the town on the other side. The forest was so big and dark that the travelers often got lost. They tried to find their way and finally came to a pretty little cottage where a witch tricked the poor travelers by placing a magic spell on them. One day a poor little girl, got lost in the forest. It grew very dark and the girl was frightened. She tried many times to light the candle but couldn't. Then the poor girl walked under a big nut tree but the witch turned the nut over the little girl's head into a pumpkin. The girl felt around in the dark and found out a pumpkin. She hollowed it and put the candle into the pumpkin, and then put it on her head. After a while she came to the witch's cottage. On seeing a horrible two- headed monster the witch fell down on the stone floor and soon died. The magic spell was lifted and the travelers were saved.

• witch – cықыршы әйел, мыстан

• to place a magic spell on smb.- заколдовать кого- либо. Біреуді сиқырлап тастау.