34) The secondary parts of the sentence: the object, the attribute, the adverbial

modifier.

The Object is a secondary part of the sentence expressed by a verb, a noun, a

substantival pronoun, an adjective, a numeral, or an adverb, and denoting a thing to

which the action passes on, which is a result of the action, in reference to which an

action is committed or a property is manifested, or denoting an action as object of

another action.

Objects differ form one another

-by their morphological composition, by the parts of speech or phrases which

perform the function of object

-by the type of their relation to the action expressed by the verb (direct/indirect)

Classification of object:1.Prepositional and non-prepositional objects

2.Morphological types (noun, pronoun, substantivized adjective, infinitive, gerund)

3.Direct/indirect, is applied only to objects expressed by nouns or pronouns.

There are sentences in which the predicate is expressed by the verbs send, show,

lend, give. These verbs usually take 2 different kinds of objects simultaneously:

1)an object expressing the thing which is sent, shown, lent, given, etc. 2) the

person or persons to whom the thing is sent, shown, lent, given, etc. The

difference between the 2 relations is clear enough: the direct object denotes the

thing immediately affected by the action denoted by the predicate verb, whereas

the indirect object expresses the person towards whom the thing is moved, e.g.

We sent them a present. The indirect object stands 1^st, the direct object comes

after it. In studying different kinds of objects it is also essential to take into

account the possibility of the corresponding passive construction.

The Adverbial Modifier. The term ‘adverbial modifier’ cannot be said to be a

very lucky one, as it is apt to convey erroneous (wrong, incorrect) ideas about the

essence of this secondary part. They have nothing to do with adverbs and they

modify not only verbs.

There are several ways of classifying adverbial modifiers:

1.According to their meaning – not a grammatical classification. However it may

acquire some grammatical significance.

2.According to their morphological peculiarities – according to the parts of speech

and to the phrase patterns. It has also something to do with word order, and

stands in a certain relation to the classification according to meaning. adverb,

preposition + noun,a noun without a preposition,infinitive or an infinitive phrase

3.According to the type of their head-word – is the syntactic classification proper.

The meaning of the word (phrase) acting as modifier should be compatible with

the meaning of the head-word.

Adverbial modifier of: Time and frequency, Place and direction, Manner and

attendant circumstances, Cause, Purpose, Result, Condition, Concession, Degree.

The problem of the attribute. The attribute is a secondary part of the sentence

modifying a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, a substantivized pronoun,

a cardinal numeral, and any substantivized word, and characterizing the thing

named by these words as to its quality or property.

The attribute can either precede or follow the noun it modifies. Accordingly we

use terms prepositive and postpositive attribute. The position of an attribute with

respect to its head-word depends partly on the morphological peculiarities of the

attribute itself, and partly on stylistic factors.

The size of the prepositive attributive phrase can be large in ME. Whatever is

included between the article and the noun, is apprehended as an attribute.