27) The complex sentence.

There is much more to be said about the complex sentences than about the

compound. The semantic relations which can be expressed by subordination are

much more numerous and more varied than with co-ordination, e.g. time, place,

concession, purpose, etc.

Types of complex sentences: The notions of declarative, interrogative, imperative,

and exclamatory sentence appear to be applicable to some types of complex

sentences as well.

Classification:

1.According to the functional principle we distinguish object, attributive,

adverbial clauses, etc.

2.According to the categorial principle subordinate clauses are divided into 3

categorial semantic groups: substantive-nominal, qualification-nominal and

adverbial.

The two classifications are mutually complementary:

- clauses of primary nominal positions (subject, predicative, object clauses);

- clauses of secondary nominal positions (attributive clauses);

- clauses of adverbial positions

3.According to the degree of self-dependence of clauses complex sentences are

divided into monolythic and segregative sentence structures. Monolythic complex

sentences are based on obligatory subordinative connections of clauses, whereas

segregative complex sentences are based on optional subordinative connections.

Monolythic:

1.merger complex sentences, i.e. sentences with subject and predicative

subordinate clauses.

2.“valency” monolyth complexes – formed by constructions whose subordinate

clauses are dependant on the obligatory right-hand valency of the verb in the

principle clause (complexes with object clauses and valency-determined

adverbial clauses,

3.“correlation” monolyth complexes – formed by constructions based on

subordinate correlations

4.“arrangement” monolythic complexes - formed by constructions whose obligatory

connection between the principal and subordinate clauses is determined only by the

linear order of clausal positions,

The connection between the subordinate clauses can be parallel (homogeneous,

heterogeneous) and consecutive (direct and oblique).

28) The category of mood of the verb.

The category of MOOD is the most controversial category of the verb.

The category of MOOD expresses the character of connection between the process

denoted by the verb and the actual reality, either presenting the process as a fact that

really happened, happens or will happen, or treating it as an imaginary

phenomenon, i.e. the subject of a hypothesis (предположение), speculation

(размышление), desire.

OPPOSITION 1.Strong member (Forms of oblique mood meaning, i.e. those of

unreality)

2. Weak member (Forms of direct mood meaning, i.e. those of reality)

Division of moods: 1.indicative (actually taking place) 2.conditional (merely

imaginary)

One of the important differences between the indicative and the other moods is that

the meaning of “tense” does not go with the meanings of subjunctive mood and

imperative mood. “Tense” reflects the real time of a real action. The imperative

and the subjunctive moods represent the action as real, but as desired or imagined,

and the notions of real time are discarded.

Number of MOODS:

-Ilyish 3 MOODS (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)- meaningèform;

-M.Deutschbein: 16 MOODS à functional approach;

-Prof. Smirnitsky (+ O.S.Akhmanova, M.Gashina, N.Vasilevskaya): 6 MOODS

(indicative, imperative, subjunctive I, subjunctive II, suppositional, conditional) –

formèmeaning;

-L.S.Barhudarov, D.A. Shteling: 2 MOODS (indicative, subjunctive);

-G.N.Vorontsova: 4 MOODS (indicative, optative, speculative, presumptive).

Subjunctive MOOD includes forms homonymous with Past and Past Perfect, but

they differ in time correlation and absence of time as such.