22) The adverb and the structural parts of speech: prepositions, conjunctions,

particles, modal words, interjections.

Adverb - a word expressing either property of an action, or property of another

property, or circumstances in which an action occurs. This definition fails to point

out the relation between the adverb and the adjective as the primary qualifying part

of speech. Blokh: the adverb - a notional word expressing a non-substantive property,

that is, a property of a non-substantive referent. In accord with their categorial

semantics adverbs are characterized by combinability with verbs, adjectives and

words of adverbial nature. The functions of adverbs in these combinations consist in

expressing different adverbial modifiers. Adverbs can also refer to whole situations;

in this function they are considered under the heading of "situation-determinants".

Blokh: Adverbs are commonly divided into: qualitative - express immediate,

inherently non-graded qualities of actions and other qualities. –ly; quantitative-

words of degree (of high degree: very, quite; of excessive degree: too, awfully;

of unexpected degree: surprisingly; of moderate degree: relatively; of low degree:

a little; of approximate degree: almost; of optimal degree: adequately; of inadequate

degree: unbearably; of under-degree/ hardly.) circumstantial: - functional –

syntactic connectives and question-forming functionals now, here, when, where,

so, thus, how, why; - notional "orientative" adverbs: adverbs of time {today, never,

shortly) and adverbs of place (homeward(s), near, ashore)

Structural parts of speech – classes of words that render relations of parts of speech

without naming these relations. The main item of difference is that struct parts don’t

function as the parts of the sentence.

The preposition:

Prepositions express the relations between words in a sentence, and this is taken as a

definition of the meaning of prepositions. They also denote relations between

phenomena in the extralinguistic world. There are cases in which a preposition does

not express relations between extralinguistic phenomena but merely serves as a link

between words. This depends on you. We саn sау that the preposition on is here

predicted by the verb depend.

The conjunction:

Every conjunction has its own meaning, expressing some connection or other existing

between phenomena in extralinguistic reality. The use of a conjunction is never

predicted by any preceding word. On the phrase level it must be said that conjunctions

connect words and phrases. It is the so-called coordinating conjunctions that are

found here, and only very rarely subordinating ones. On the sentence level it must be

said that conjunctions connect clauses (of different kinds). Here we find both

so-called coordinating and so-called subordinating conjunctions. Coordinating

conjunctions imply coordination of clauses, and subordinating conjunctions imply

subordination of clauses. Some prepositions are very close in meaning to

subordinating conjunctions, and in some cases a preposition and a subordinating

conjunction sound exactly the same (After, before, since). The distinction between

preposition and conjunction is based only on semantic criteria and, also, on the use

of these words in other contexts, where they are not interchangeable.

The particle:

The question of the place of a particle in sentence structure remains unsolved. It

would appear that the following three solutions are possible: (1) a particle is a

separate secondary member of the sentence, which should be given a special name;

(2) a particle is an element in the part of the sentence which is formed by the word

(or phrase) to which the particle refers; (3) a particle neither makes up a special part

of the sentence, nor is it an element in any part of the sentence;

Modal words:

The distinction between modal words and adverbs is based on two criteria: (1) their

meaning: modal words express the speaker's view concerning the reality of the action

expressed in the sentence, (2) their syntactical function: they are not adverbial

modifiers but parentheses, whether we take a parenthesis to be a special part of the

sentence or whether we say that it stands outside its structure. Modal words have been

variously classified into groups according to their meaning: those expressing certainty,

such as certainly, surely, undoubtedly; those expressing doubt, such as perhaps,

maybe, possibly, etc. The number of types varies greatly with different authors. There

are various means of expressing modality — modal words, modal verbs (can, must,

etc.) and the category of mood.

The interjection:

We can now safely say that interjections are part of the word stock of a language as

much as other types of words are. The interjections are not names of anything, but

expressions of emotions. Some interjections seem to express merely feeling in

general, without being attached to some particular feeling. In the vast majority of

cases an interjection does not make part of any phrase but stands isolated. However,

that does not mean that it is impossible for an interjection to make part of a phrase.

Box for my friends! Oh dear! On the sentence level the usual interpretation is that

the interjection stands outside the structure of the sentence. Another view is that it is

syntactically a kind of parenthesis at least in some cases.

There may be words in a language which are not included under any category, and

then, they would belong nowhere. – Scherba’s viewpoint